Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. It is the only play by Shakespeare in which he used Induction, a framing device and this is why The Taming of the Shrew is also known as ‘A Play within a Play.’ The induction tells the tale of a beggar who finds himself mysteriously in power in a rich man's world. Shakespeare used farcical elements and themes of disguise and mistaken identity in this play which he used again in Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The induction used in the play is often criticized as a faulty framework with an unfulfilled narrative because the whole play ends with the end of the play within the play while leaving the Induction incomplete.
Characters of The Taming of the Shrew:
Petruchio is a young man who visits Padua while searching for a girl to marry. He is the son of a rich man from Verona who is ready to marry any girl with enough money. When he hears about Katherine’s dowry, he becomes interested in marrying her but her cleverness and "shrewishness" excite him genuinely. Lucentio is another male lead who belongs to Florence. He visits Padua to study at the University but falls in love with Bianca. He makes friends with Petruchio but unlike Petruchio, he isn’t interested in Dowry. Both men are well-off, but Lucentio’s father is incomparably rich Pisan. While Lucentio single-mindedly pursues Bianca, he cannot marry her until Bianca’s elder sister Katherina gets engaged.
Katherina Minola or Kate is the shrew to be tamed. She is a beautiful, intelligent, shrewd, and haughty girl who knows that men are pursuing her for the money she will bring as dowry. Her father Baptista is worried about her marriage and suggests two suitors, Hortensio, and Gremio to Kate but she lashes out at them and they run away. Bianca is the younger sister of Kate. She is just opposite to Kate, a moderate well-behaved beautiful girl. Lucentio falls in love with her. Baptista is a wealthy resident of Padua and the father of Katherina and Bianca. He openly prefers his more well-behaved daughter and has no compunction about referring to Katharina as "the veriest shrew of all." Tranio, Lucentio’s servant, helps him woo Bianca by assuming Lucentio’s identity. Horentsio is a suitor of Bianca. He is a foolish and pompous man whom Tranio baits and sends off to woo and marry a rich widow. Gremio is another suitor of Bianca. Other minor characters include Grumio, Petrucho's servant. Christopher Sly, the main character of the Induction. He is a drunkard made to think he is a lord by a real lord who plays a trick on him.
Summary of The Taming of the Shrew:
The Taming of the Shrew is a Five Act play beginning with an Induction. It is the only play by William Shakespeare in which an Induction is used at the beginning as a framing device for the main play. The induction begins as a drunken beggar Christopher Sly gets thrown out of a tavern and falls asleep on the street. A Lord passing by notices Sly and decides to trick him. Sly is carried to the Lord's bedchamber and decked in lavish attire. Upon waking, Christopher Sly is understandably confused. He immediately calls for a drink and is attended to by three servants (supposedly his). The Lord himself assumes a servant’s role and convinces him that Sly is a wealthy nobleman who has recently been mad and has forgotten his true identity. The Lord’s young pageboy dresses up as a lady and pretends to be Sly’s noble wife. Sly resists for a while but when he sees his beautiful wife and a lot of wine, he falls into the trap and decides he must indeed be a lord. Meanwhile, a group of artists arrive at the Lord’s house to perform and they unwittingly perform a drama for Sly, the fake lord. This drama is the main plot of The Taming of the Shrew.
Act 1
Lucentio is the only son of a wealthy Pisan merchant Vincentio. He is a well-behaved studious young man who arrives in Padua to study at the University of Padua. His servant Tranio accompanies him. On the very first day, Lucentio and Tranio see two beautiful young girls with their father as two young men approach them. Lucentio learns that the old man is Baptista a rich merchant of Padua along with his elder daughter Katherina and the younger one Bianca. The two men approaching him are Horentsio and Gremio. Both ask for Bianca’s hand in marriage but Baptista says no one shall court Bianca until her older sister is successfully married. Horentsio objects that Katherina is an ill-tempered, feisty, and quarrelsome "shrew" and they can think of no one who would possibly want to marry her. Baptista intervenes and says that he agrees Katherina is "the veriest shrew of all," and he will allow tutors into his house, but no suitors until Kate is wed. Upon hearing this, Katherina gets furious and lashes out at Honrentsio and Gremio and they flee away from the scene. Bianca gets sad, Lucentio notices her weeping, and falls in love with her. Gremio and Horentsio decide that they will put aside their rivalry until they have found someone to wed the "shrew" Katharina.
Act 2
Lucentio decides to enter the Minola house as a Latin teacher Cambio to teach Bianca. Tranio accompanies him disguised as Lucentio and becomes Bianca's third suitor. Horentsio disguises as a music teacher named Litio to access Bianca as her teacher and woo her. Meanwhile, Petruchio, a young man from Verona arrives and hears that Baptista is willing to marry his elder daughter. When he hears about Katherina’s wittiness and shrewdness, he gets excited and feels he wants her as his wife. He learns that Baptista is rich and decides to marry her. As he reaches Minola’s house, he gets engaged in a furious battle of wits with Katherina. He engages Katherina in an embittered and passionate volley of insults and slurs, each meeting the linguistic challenges posited by the other.
When Baptista, Gremio, and Tranio see them arguing, Baptista intervenes. Petruchio excitedly announces that he and Katharina are to be wed on Sunday. Katherina protests and says, "I'll see thee hanged on Sunday first." Petruchio reassures Baptista that Kate and he have agreed that she will remain "crust" in public though they will be affectionate in private. He then firmly picks Katherina in his arms and takes her away.
Baptista is relieved that his elder ‘shrew’ daughter is finally getting married. He turns to Gremio and Tranio and says that whoever is willing to pay a higher dowry for Bianca will be able to marry her. Tranio assures that his father Vincentio will pay a higher dowry. Baptista says that he will need assurance from Vincentio that Lucentio will be his heir. Tranio then determines to find someone to play the part of Vincentio, to allow Lucentio to win Bianca. Meanwhile, Cambio and Litio both try to woo Bianca while teaching her but Bianca clearly prefers Lucentio, although she is cautious in her judgment.
Act 3
Despite her protest, Katherina feels Petruchio outwitted her and eagerly awaits the wedding day. Sunday approaches and Baptista makes all the arrangements for the wedding in the Church. However, Petruchio doesn’t arrive on time. Katherina becomes worried. When he finally arrives, he is wearing an absurd outfit, which irritates Baptista and Katherina. Petruchio ignores Katherina’s response to his dressing, behaves like a tyrant during the service, and then refuses even to let Katharina stay for the wedding feast, instead sweeping her away to his home in the country. Baptista is bewildered at Petruchio's hastiness but doesn’t intervene. After they leave, Baptista tells Tranio (disguised as Lucentio) that the feast will go as planned, and that he and Bianca may take the seats of the bride and bridegroom if Vincentio assures that Lucentio will be his heir.
Act 4
At his home, Petruchio’s behavior further deteriorates. He rudely treats all his servants. He constantly corrects and berates Katherine, and pretends to find something wrong with all the food his servants bring her so that she gets nothing to eat. This is all part of his plan to tame her by denying her food and preventing her from even sleeping. He returns to his servants and explains his intention to tame the shrew by out-shrewing her: he will mistreat her and deprive her of what she needs, all under the guise of kindness and love. Thus, by insisting that neither her food nor her bed is worthy of her, he will wear out her spirit with lack of nourishment and sleep.
At Padua, Horentsio realizes that Bianca is preferring Cambio. When Tranio reaches there, he complains that Bianca is flirting with low-class Cambio. Tranio too instigates him and says he would never marry a girl flirting with such low-class people and suggests to Horentsio that they should rather pursue a rich woman who recently got widowed. Horentsio agrees and decides to leave Bianca to flirt with Cambio while he pursues the rich widow. Tranio informs Cambio and Bianca that Horentsio has left and then goes to find a man to pretend to be Vincentio. He finds an old merchant arriving at Padua and lies to him that his life is in danger in Padua and makes him play the part of Vincentio in exchange for saving his life. The old man promptly assists him. Baptista is satisfied after meeting the merchant disguised as Vincentio and agrees to the wedding of Lucentio and Bianca.
Back at Petruchio’s home, Katherina is still hungry. Petruchio arrives at her room with a plate of freshly prepared meat in the hands of Horentsio who visited to congratulate them. Petruchio insists Katherina must thank him for the meat but secretly tells Horentsio to eat all the meat by himself. Petruchio then tells Katherina to dress up in her best garments as they will soon go back to her father’s house for the marriage of Bianca. A Tailor brings a hat and a gown for Katherina which she likes very much but Petruchio declines them saying they are of low quality. Then he tells Katherina to hurry up and come as she is dressed as clothes are of little worth and they should reach Minola’s house by noon. Katherina protests and says that it is already 2 o’clock. Petruchio berates her for constantly contradicting him. His servants notice that Katherina is much more polite than Petruchio now. On the road, Petruchio continues to mistreat Katherina and she continues to subdue. They meet Vincentio. Petruchio greets him as ‘gentlewoman’ and asks Katherina to agree with him, Katherina promptly agrees and calls Vincentio ‘ a budding virgin.’ Shocked by their jester, Vincentio informs that he is going to Padua to meet his son Lucentio. Petruchio then tells him that his son is to be married to Bianca pretty soon.
Act 5
At Padua, Vincentio encounters the old merchant and Tranio disguised as Vincentio and Lucentio. He argues with them, asserting that he is the real Vincentio and Tranio is his servant. Baptista doesn’t believe him and calls for the police to arrest the real Vincentio as an imposter. Cambio and Bianca approach the scene, and Cambio confesses to his deceit and says that he is the real Lucentio while revealing the true identities of the merchant and Tranio. Baptista and Vincentio are upset by all this but ultimately approve of the marriage between Bianca and the real Lucentio. Meanwhile, Horentsio succeeds in marrying the rich widow.
At the feast of Lucentio and Bianca’s wedding, Horentsio and Gremio tease Petruchio for being married to a shrew. Petruchio says that they should call their wives and whoever appears first, should be considered the most obedient wife. Lucentio and Horentsio agree, and all three send messengers to call for their wives. Bianca and the rich widow don’t appear but Katherina appears promptly. Then Petruchio sends her back to call the other two wives. When all three are present, Katherina delivers a long speech detailing a wife's duties owed to her husband. While Horentsio and Lucentio are shocked at witnessing the change in Katherina, Petruchio is pleased as he leaves with Katherina to his bedroom.
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