Paradise Lost by John Milton Book 12 | Theme, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. In Book 12, John Milton continued depicting the vision of Adam that God permitted him to have with the help of Michael.

This vision is a punishment to Adam as he comes to know how his and Eve’s wrongdoing will create ruins. He learns one of his firstborn sons will murder his brother. He learns how the whole of humankind will fall and get corrupted and will meet Death as a result of the Great Flood. At the same time, the same vision offers a ray of hope to Adam who realizes that God will continue to show mercy on man and there will be virtuous heroes like Enoch and Noah who will save Humanity and man’s connection to God.

Summary of Book 12

Book 12 begins with the biblical story of Nimrod. Adam sees that Noah successfully led the re-establishment of humankind in obedience to God. One of Noah’s great-grandsons was a great hunter, a brave warrior, and an able leader. His name was Nimrod. Nimrod was called the “first heroic warrior on earth.” Michael says that men ‘shall be his game.’ Just like Satan, Nimrod also falls prey to self-pride and challenges God. He creates a tower so high that no flood can endanger it. The tower is very strong made of mortar and solid rocks. The tower is named as Tower of Babel and Nimrod wishes to reach Heaven through this tower. Despite his vociferous attempts, God is still calm and instead of punishing him harshly, he decrees that now men will speak different languages. Thus, the men working under Nimrod start speaking different languages and fail to comprehend each other. This way, Nimrod’s pretentious attempts fail.

Adam is saddened by the acts of Nimrod. He wonders why some men are allowed to have dominion over others who are free by nature? Michael explains that this is all because of Adam’s own fall. Michael says that since men cannot control their whims and passions, other men take control of societies and rule over them. God sends unjust rulers to control some groups to restrict their personal freedom.

Michael then explains that wickedness continues to rise again and hence God chooses a particular group of people led by their faithful leader Abraham, who carries the seed that will give birth to the Son, the Saviour of mankind. Michael then recites the story of Jacob and Joseph quickly while explaining the enslavement of Israelites in Egypt. He further depicts the rise of Moses who leads the exodus from Egypt. Moses leads men to a desert where God appears and gives commandments to Moses. Moses then makes laws based on those commandments for the societies of people. Adam again asks why men need so many laws? Michael says that since now men are not pure as a result of Adam’s fall, they need laws to keep remembering things that they should do and things that should not be done. Michael further says that even laws will fail to protect men until the Saviour incarnates on earth and sacrifices himself for all mankind.

Joshua leads Israelites to the Promised Land where they make societies and start living under the rules of kings and judges. One of the kings is David who is just and virtuous. His lineage will carry the seed of Saviour. David’s son is Soloman who builds a great Temple where the Ark of Covenant will be safely kept. Michael then says that Sin will again triumph and men will fall prey to corruption and death. Ultimately, God will allow the whole nation into captivity in Babylon. The society will be divided into small factions which will continue to struggle against each other until Jesus the Saviour takes birth from the womb of a Virgin during Roman rule.

Adam is curious and wants to know how the Son defeats Satan. Michael says that the Saviour's victory won’t be easy nor it will be a literal fight of the Son against Satan. The Son fought and defeated Satan and threw him out of Heaven. Satan knows that he cannot win against the Son. However, to save humans, the Son will become human in Jesus and will suffer for his beliefs and will be executed by his fellow men. However, after three days, the Son will rise from the dead and thus will defeat the Death. Jesus will then send his disciples to various parts of the world to spread his message. Those who obey God’s command will be saved and will have eternal life. Michael says that at the end of the time, Jesus will judge all the living and the dead and will take the truly faithful people to the most wonderful paradise of all.

Adam is pleased by knowing that ultimately humankind will again reach the Paradise that is lost because of his and Eve’s fall. However, he is sad because of the ordeal that humankind and the Son himself will have to go through because of his sin. Yet, he feels that it is the greatest pleasure to know that ultimately, death will lead mankind to the greatest reward. Adam feels that his disobedience will now appear to be a good mistake or happy blame because of which, mankind will reach the most wonderful paradise where humans will be able to live eternally with God. Adam says that his hope and possibility appear to be a greater good than his having remained sinless and obedient eternally in the Garden of Eden. Michael is pleased by Adam’s reasoning and he says that now is the time when Adam and Eve must leave the Garden of Eden. Michael says that Adam should add faith, virtue, patience, temperance, and love to his understanding and he will lead a good life and ultimately be with God.

Michael then instructs Adam to wake Eve and tells him to let her know all that he told Adam later on. Meanwhile, Eve was also having a revealing dream. As she wakes up, she appears calm and says that she has learned much from her dream and she knows that her place is with Adam. Eve says that she will follow Adam wherever he leads her. As she learns that she will seed the Saviour, the Son, she becomes happy. Michael holds the hands of both Adam and Eve and leads them out of the Garden of Eden.

Analysis of Book 12

The vision of the future of mankind works as a punishment for Adam as he comes to know how painful and excruciating the future will be for mankind because of his fall. However, he is comforted by the fact that he and Eve will seed the Son who will incarnate as a human to free all humankind free of Sin and Death. He uses his reason to comprehend that despite the ugly episode of his disobedience, it was just a way to let men reach a much better paradise where men will be able to live with God eternally.

With the example of Nimrod, Milton offered his own idea of personal freedom and anarchy. Adam expresses displeasure as he sees some men dominating others. Milton believed in the ability of individual persons to make their own decisions about their lives and God. When a man uses his own rational faculty, he is most free. However, because of Adam’s own fall, men will find it difficult to follow reason as they will fall prey to whims and passions as Adam did and will become slaves to their own desires. Yet, Milton believed that complete freedom will not lead to anarchy as it happens in closed societies such as Churches. Milton further offers his ideas of legal framework and laws. He suggests that while laws are helpful to identify and punish wrongdoing, laws cannot eradicate sin, corruption, and crime.

Book 12 further distinguishes between the fall of Satan and the Fall of Man. Adam and Eve’s disobedience was a sin of their appetite. Eve wishes to taste the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, and Adam was subservient to his own passion for Eve. On the other hand, Satan committed the Sin of Reason. He used reason and convoluted it to convince Eve to take the fruit and fall. Thus, Satan used reason for fraudulent purposes and this is considered the greatest of sins.

The vision serves another important purpose in the poem as it strengthens the major theme of Paradise Lost which is Man’s fall. Milton makes it as a series of stories of man’s fall and ascension and again fall and again ascension until Jesus takes birth and sacrifices himself to save entire humankind. Throughout the vision, the poem suggests a story of fall and ascension, freedom and slavery, reason and animal appetites. Milton describes human history as a series of falls from God’s grace as men disobey God from time to time and act irrationally. As men disobey God, they create corruption and reach their doom (as in Tower of Babel) and are again saved and returned to the continual cycle of God’s grace.

In the end, Michael takes Adam and Eve away from the Garden of Eden and the poem ends in hope of a chance to eternally live with God in the most wonderful paradise of all.

Adam describes his learning through the vision as --

Henceforth I learn that to obey is best,
And learn to fear that only God, to walk
As in his presence, ever to observe
His providence, and on him sole depend,
Merciful over all his works, with good
Still overcoming evil, and by small
Accomplishing great things, by things deem'd weak
Subverting worldly strong, and worldly-wise
By simple meek; that suffering for Truth's sake
Is fortitude to highest victory,
And to the faithful Death the Gate of Life (561-571).

This is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of English Literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Paradise Lost by John Milton Book 11| Theme, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The first version of Paradise Lost was published in 1667 and it contained 10 books. Later on, Milton published the second version in 1674 with 12 books or parts. While the central story of Paradise Lost is Man’s Fall, Book 11, and Book 12 were added to justify the story by explaining the logic behind the events of previous books. God is omnipotent and omniscient. God created Lucifer with a nature prone to pride and that led to Satan’s fall. Satan accuses God created him with a nature that was prone to pride, and, therefore, destined to fall. God created Adam and Eve prone to vanity and passion. It appears as if God planned the fall of Satan and Man both. The poem suggests that God knew Lucifer, Adam, and Eve all will fall at their turn. Thus, the rebellion of Satan against God appears as if it is a struggle against a tyrant. However, if God planned Satan’s fall, he knew Satan would rebel. So the question arises if Adam and Eve and Satan were all predestined to fall, are we, as well, destined to act by our natures in a way that God has already ordained? Eve and Adam disobeyed God by taking the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, but was it such a great crime that deserved banishment, guilt, and death?

Milton began Paradise Lost by suggesting that his main aim with this work is to explain and justify the ways of God to man. In book 11, Milton offers justification for the acts of God. On one hand, Satan blames God as a tyrant against whom he rebels, on the other hand, Milton explains how Satan was wrong, how hierarchy is good, and how God’s actions are justified.

Summary of Book 11

Inspired by God’s grace, Adam, and Eve begin praying again. As God hears their prayer, the Son appears and suggests that God should show mercy and forgiveness to Adam and Eve. The Son further says that he will relieve Adam and Eve of their sins through his incarnation and death as a human. The Father agrees that Adam and Eve deserve mercy but He says that Adam and Eve can no more live in Paradise. He then calls a meeting of all angels and announces His decision. He says that now when Man is impure, Adam and Eve must be banished from Paradise. However, God says that through their prayers while leading a good and moral life, Adam and Eve may again be reunited with God after their death.

God then asks Michael to visit the earth and announce His decision to Adam and Eve in such a manner that it may not break their hope. He allows Michael to let Adam see a vision of the future to understand God’s decision in a better manner.

On Earth, Eve is still pensive and depressed but Adam anticipated that their prayers have reached to God and He will show mercy on them. He reassures Eve and says that she will be able to seek revenge against Satan, the serpent. Eve is still feeling guilty about bringing Sin and Death to earth. She believes that she doesn’t deserve to have such a role in God’s planning. Like Satan, Eve has some complaints against God as she knows that whatever happened, happened because God allowed it. Yet, she says that she will try to obey God to the mark and live peacefully in Paradise while accepting her fate.

Michael arrives on earth and meets Adam and Eve. He tells them all about the decision of God and tells them that they cannot live in Paradise anymore. Listening to this, Eve starts crying and Adam feels saddened and hopeless. Eve worries that she will have to leave the Garden, the flowers, fruits, and animals, the river bank where she met Adam, and the bower where they used to spend their nights in love. Adam on the other hand is sad because he feels that this decision will make him further away from God and he will no longer be able to communicate with Him. Michael soothes them and says that God is everywhere and Adam and Eve will be able to pray and communicate with God even after leaving Paradise, wherever they go. Michael says that Adam is the king of the whole earth and not just of Paradise. He says that Adam and Eve may go anywhere on Earth after leaving the Garden.

Eve is hopeless and continues to weep. Michael soothes her further and puts her to sleep. He then takes Adam to the top of a high hill to show him the vision of humankind’s future. The mountain was so high that Michael and Adam could see almost the entirety of the earth’s hemisphere. Adam sees two men offering sacrifices. Michael explains that these are Caine and Abel, firstborn sons of Adam and Eve. Adam shockingly sees that Caine murders Abel and he is filled with remorse. Death of Abel in his vision was his first experience of Death. Michael then shows Adam the other ways in which death will attack humankind. Adam sees images of disease, war, and old age. Adam worries about his own death and asks if there is any other alternative to death? Michael says no but he says that obeying God and leading a virtuous life can allow people to live long and fruitful life till God permits.

Adam sees a group of men and women dancing, enjoying, playing games, and having amorous courting. Adam feels better while seeing this. However, Michael explains that these people are atheists who live for pleasure and deny God. Michael says that these people will also be devoured by death. Soon Adam sees scenes of huge wars, the plundering of cities, mass murders, and slaughtering of men and women. Michael says that violent men will praise war while many horrendous conquerers will be praised as war heroes. Michael then says that there will appear a man named Enoch who will try everything possible to stop and end these wars. Other people will despise him and will try to kill him but God will protect him and take him safely to His abode.

The vision further reveals the effect of Sin and Death as Adam sees men and women dancing and engaging in violent sexual activities. Adam feels some guilt as he remembers how he used Eve after taking the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Michael says that there will be an era where sins of the flesh will strengthen. Adam sees a single man preaching against these immoral acts but nobody hears him. The man then goes to the mountains and reaches the highest peak along with his family and various sorts of animals. The man then makes a boat and soon great floods engulf the ground. Michael explains that the man who builds the boat will be Noah who will take all species of animals along with his family to a safer place while rest of the humankind will suffer death due to the great flood. Adam further sees that the clouds get clear and the flood comes down as God appears and greets Noah. God promises that He will never again destroy the earth by flood. Adam feels relieves and satisfied as he comes to know that Noah will make it sure that virtue and obedience to God will continue on earth.

Analysis of Book 11

Milton again clarifies the hierarchy in his world. God sends Michael to let Adam have the vision and Michael puts Eve to sleep before he reveals the future to Adam. Obviously, Eve is below the rank of Adam. In previous books too, whenever archangels talked to man, they chose Adam in absence of Eve to discuss any serious matter. Similarly, God Himself appeared and spoke to Adam after creating him. However, when God created Eve, He didn’t visit her after she gained consciousness. She just heard a celestial voice and direction to proceed.

Adam and Eve now understand that obeying God is the only virtuous path. Eve laments her role as the cause of Sin and Death in the world. However, she complaints that she deserved a better role in the design of God. Thus, Eve realizes that nothing could happen against the will of God, nor anything will happen against it in the future.

The other part of Book 11 deals with the visions of the future shown to Adam. The vision proves that everything is destined and though it appears as if human free will is some force to reckon with, however, in absence of God’s guidance, inspiration, or command, Adam and Eve could do nothing good, nor bad. God inspired Man to repent and pray for forgiveness and salvation, it was God’s plan for the birth of His Son on earth. God didn’t inspire Lucifer to repent and let him be cursed as Satan, a victim of his own pride. This is because for a hero as His Son, a tremendous villain was required to be defeated and who could fill the bill better than Satan?

Adam sees Caine and Abel and how Abel was murdered by his own brother. He further sees how war will cause the death of millions, and during all these saddening pictures of the future, he sees Epoch bringing a ray of light to the world. He sees how men and women will indulge themselves in merry-making and carnal pleasures and though he feels good while seeing this, thus, suggesting his own weakness against passion. But Michael informs him that these people will also suffer horrendous death because they are atheists who care more for their own pleasure and deny God. Adam also learns about the death of good men following the virtuous path who fall like ripe fruit after attaining certain age that God permits. While seeing all these effects of Sin and Death that Adam and Eve brought to the world, Adam sees rays of hope and redemption through the examples of Epoch and Noah. The whole sequence of visions contains a careful emotional balance between grief at the corruption of sin and joy at the redemption of the moral person. The vision will continue in book 12. There is a stark difference between the tone and the way Angels communicate with Adam before and after the fall. Before the fall, Angels were more intimate and careful towards Man, after the fall, Angels instruct, and the man listens. This is about Book 11 of Paradise Lost. We will continue to discuss the history of English Literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Light in August by William Faulkner, Characters, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. Light in August is a Southern Gothic and Modernist novel by William Faulkner that was published in 1932. The novel is naturalistic with a violent subject matter accompanied by death and the effects of the past. The Southern Gothic genre, unlike the Gothic genre, doesn’t rely upon mystery, suspense, and the supernatural. Rather, Southern Gothic literature tells stories of dark humor, depicting the problems of society by developing complex characters. Southern Gothic literature typically focuses on the history of South America, racism, slavery, civil war, fear of the outside world, fear of change, and violence. The novel is written in modernist style telling many stories with acute polarities like good and evil, light and dark, the burden of past on present, and fragmentation of individual identity in parts. The novel tells stories of various alienated characters and their struggle against a Puritanical rural society.

Characters of Light in August

Major

Lena Grove is a teen pregnant girl from Alabama who visits Jefferson, Yoknapatawpha County in search of her lover who ran away after impregnating her. Byron Bunch is a young man working in a mill in Jefferson. Lena comes to know that a man named Bunch is working there and she assumes that he is Burch as the name sounds so similar and goes to meet him. Bunch inadvertently falls in love with her and tries to help in finding the father of her unborn child. Gail Hightower is a former minister of Jefferson who was forced to retire after his wife’s affair was revealed in public and she committed suicide. Lucas Burch (Who sounds similar to Byron Bunch) is the lover of Lena who abandoned her when he came to know that she is pregnant. He changes his name to Joe Brown and starts living in Jefferson and works in the mill. He is also a bootlegger. He is young, tall, and has good looks to impress women, though her coworkers find him empty and useless. Joe Christmas is an orphan of ambiguous racial descent. He believes he has some black blood in him. He was raised in an orphanage until doubts of his black heritage forced the matron to set an adoption. for Joe Christian. His adopted father was strict and cruel. After killing his adopted father at 1ge 18, he escaped and wandered from city to city till he ends up in Jefferson where he somewhat settles with Joana Burden. He is so tormented by the racial identity that he often becomes violent with others. Though he hates women and rarely shows any emotion, he makes a relationship with Joana.

Joanna Burden is the sole survivor of the abolitionist family of Jefferson. Her family migrated from New England to Jefferson. She is unmarried and the town people consider her a Yankee, and thus an alien. She lives alone in a big villa outside the town. She sexually gets involved with Joe Christmas. She is murdered presumably by Joe Christmas at the beginning of the novel and her house is burned to ashes.

Minor

Eupheus Hines is the grandfather of Joe Christmas who hates him and gives him to an orphanage when he is born as Joe’s mother Milly Hines died while giving birth to him as an unmarried teen pregnant girl. Eupheus believes that his father was not white. Milly claims that Joe’s father was a Mexican and she dies while giving birth as Eupheus declines to call a doctor. Mrs. Hines is the grandmother of Joe who saw her once only at his birth. She doesn’t hate Joe and wants to see him again. When Eupheus learns that Joe Christmas is being captive on suspicion of murdering Joana Burden, he visits Jefferson with Mrs. Hines and tries to incite a lynch mob against Joe Christmas. Mrs. Hines tries to save him. Mr. McEachem and Mrs. McEachem are the adoptive parents of Joe Christmas. They are a Presbyterian couple. Mr. McEachem tries to instill religion in Joe Christmas. He is very strict and disapproves of Joe’s growing disobedience. He is presumed to be killed by Joe. Mrs. McEachem is a kind woman who tries to protect Joe Christmas but Joe hates her.

Mr. Armstid and Mrs. Armstid are a couple who pick up Lena on her way to Jefferson and let her stay at their home at night. Later on, Mr. Armstid gives her a ride to the city on his wagon. Mrs. Armstid doesn’t approve of Lena’s teen pregnancy before marriage and sees her with disdain. Yet she is helpful and gives some money to Lena to help her. Bobbie is a waitress at a restaurant in Memphis. Joe Christian falls in love with her but his adoptive father doesn’t approve of it. Bobbie leaves Joe as he presumably killed his father. Gavin Stevens is the district attorney of Jefferson and offers his insight over some of the events at the end of the novel. Percy Grimm is the captain of the State National Guard. He castrates Joe Christmas and kills him.

Summary of Light in August

There are many intertwined stories in the Light in August. Though the main stories are of Lena Grove and Joe Christian. Lena is a teen pregnant who is traveling to Mississippi in search of her baby’s father who left after impregnating her. She is going to Jefferson where she heard that a man named Byron Bunch works at a mill. His name resembles the name of her lover Lucas Burch and she assumed that Lucas is hiding there in Jefferson with a changed name.

In Jefferson, a brooding stranger with an ambiguous racial profile arrives at the mill in search of a job. He gets a job and starts living in Jefferson at the house of Joana Burden, an unmarried woman, the lone survivor of an abolitionist family who lives on the outskirts of the town. Joe Brown is another stranger who gets a job at the Mill. Joe Christmas and Joe Brown soon become friends and they get involved in bootlegging. Later on, they leave their jobs at the mill and start selling liquor illegally.

Meanwhile, Lena meets Byron Bunch and realizes that he is not the man she is seeking for. Byron is intrigued by Lenna and immediately falls in love with her. But he is a good shy man and fails to express his feelings. Rather he promises Lena to help her search for Lucas Burch. Byron informs Gail Hightower, disgraced former minister of Jefferson about his intentions to help Lena Groove as he cares for her. Meanwhile, Lena comes to know that Lucas Burch is living as Joe Brown in Jefferson. Joe Brown is being held in jail as a suspected murderer of Joana Burden whose house was burnt down after her murder. Another suspect of the murder is Joe Christmas who is absconding.

After describing the current scenario, the narrative changes to explain the past of various characters.

As a child, Gail Hightower was too much influenced by his grandfather who was a confederate soldier who was killed in the town during the civil war. As an adult, he secures a church and becomes a minister. However, his young and beautiful wife is unfaithful to him and suffers mental health problems. One day she is found dead as she falls from the window of a balcony at a hotel in Memphis where she was staying with another man. The ensuing scandal results in the forced retirement of Gail Hightower.

Joe Christmas was left in the footsteps of an orphanage. As he grows up, the dietician of that orphanage mistakenly believes that he overheard her while she was having sex with a young doctor in her room. To avoid any scandal, she threatens Joe Christmas to keep shut otherwise she will reveal her biracial identity to other kids of the orphanage. She further discusses the plan with the janitor Eupheus Hines to send Joe Christmas to a black orphanage. Eupheus, who is actually the grandfather of Joe decides to kidnap him and take him to Little Rock. However, Joe is soon found and returned to the same orphanage. A couple of weeks later, he is adopted by a sternly religious man Mr. McEachem. Mr. McEachem is a strict Presbyterian and he cruelly beats Joe regularly for minor mistakes. His wife shows love to Joe but because of his past experience with the orphanage’s dietician, Joe hates women and repels Mrs. McEachem. As he becomes an adult, he falls in love with Bobbie, a local waitress at a Memphis hotel. One day, Mr. McEachem catches Joe Christian with Bobbie at a dance bar. They argue and a fight erupts that results in the murder of Mr. McEachem. Bobbie scorns Joe and leaves him. To avoid jail, Joe runs away and wanders off from the city to city. He reaches Jefferson and gets a job at the mill.

At Jefferson, Joe Christmas makes acquaintance with Joana Burden and starts living at her manor in the outskirts. Gradually, he develops a sexual relationship with the lonely woman who wishes to have a baby. However, Joe Christmas doesn’t want to become a father and he is only interested in occasional sex with Joana. Their relationship is full of passion, violence, and long periods when they ignored each other.

At the mill, another new worker Joe Brown joins the workforce and becomes a friend of Joe Christian. Gradually they start producing and selling illegal liquor in Jefferson. Joe Christian invites Brown to live with him at Joana’s manor. Joana soon goes through menopause and she loses all interest in sex. Yet, she wants to continue her relationship with Joe Christmas and forces her to adapt to the religious path. One day, she forces Joe Christmas to pray with her at the gunpoint. In retaliation, Joe Christmas attacks her with a sharp razor and kills her. Later on, he burns her house with her dead body in it. Joe Brown is imprisoned as a suspect for the murder though it becomes clear that Joe Christian was the real murderer as he runs and becomes a fugitive. Joanna Burden’s nephew in New Hampshire offers a $1,000 reward for the capture of his aunt’s killer.

Joe Christmas avoids getting caught for many days but eventually is apprehended on the streets of Mottstown and brought back to Jefferson. When Eupheus Hines hears about Joe Christmas being caught as a culprit for murder, he decides to visit Jefferson with his wife. Eupheus tries to incite the crowd and instill anger to create a mob lynching to kill Joe Christmas. However, Mrs. Hines wants to protect Joe Christian.

Byron and Mr. and Mrs. Hines visit Gail Hightower where it is revealed that Joe Christian’s father was a Mexican circus worker whom Eupheus Hines shot dead when he tried to elope with his daughter Milley Hines. Milly died while giving birth to Joe Christian and later on, Eupheus left the baby in the footsteps of the orphanage where he worked as a janitor. Byron and Mrs. Hines request Gail Hightower to save Joe Christmas by offering a false alibi that Joe Christmas was with him at his house during the night when Joana was murdered. Gail Hightower gets angry and asks them to leave.

Lena Grove is suffering labor pain and she decides to stay at the burnt manor where her lover used to live with Joe Christian. Byron asks Hightower to help Lena while he goes to look for a doctor. By the time Byron returns with the doctor, Hightower manages to deliver the baby with the help of Mrs. Eupheus Hines who mistakenly believes that Lena is her long-lost daughter (Milly Hines who already died). Byron arranges to have Joe Bown in the same room where Lena is staying with her newly born baby. When Joe Brown sees Lena, he is astonished to find her. When he notices the baby, he realizes that the newly born baby is his. He again decides to avoid responsibility and runs away by jumping off through the window. Byron confronts him in the path but is overpowered by Joe Brown who beats him bad and runs away.

Meanwhile, Joe Christian also runs away from his captors as he was taken across Town Square. He learns about his grandparents at Gail Hightower’s house and reaches there. The bounty hunters follow him to catch him again. Percy Grimm, the captain of the State National Guard catches him in the kitchen of Hightower and shoots him down to death. Later on, he castrates him.

Meanwhile, Gail Hightower is too astonished and sad by the happenings. He is too old and as he muses about his past, he prepares for his own death.

A local furniture mover near Jefferson town reaches his home after a long road trip and tells his wife how he helped and picked off a couple with a newly born child. He says that the girl was in her teens and the man accompanying her didn’t look like the father of the child. The aforementioned couples were Lena and Byron, halfheartedly continuing their search for the biological father of the child.

Themes of Light in August

Alienation is a major theme of the novel. All the major characters of the novel are misfits and social outcasts despised and disdained by the local society. Joe Christian and Lena Grove are both orphans. While Joe Christian gets violence, disdain, and repulsion from society, Lena Groove is looked down upon yet gets assistance and help during her journey. Lena is still accepted because she continues to search for the biological father of her child and hence, agreeing with the conventional norm that men are responsible for a woman’s well-being. Lena represents nature and life. In a way, Faulkner suggests that though men have lost their instant connection with nature, women still possess it. Gail Hightower and Joana Burden both belong to high-class society though they are poor now. Both are despised by the local community who continues to try to make them run away. Byron Bunch is more acceptable in society but he is a lonely and shy person by his own nature. Faulkner has used Christian allegory throughout the novel. Joe Christian resembles with the passion of Christ, Lena Grove and her fatherless child reminds of Mary and Christ. Byron Bunch is reminiscent of a Joseph figure.

So this is about Light in August. We will continue to discuss other major novels by William Faulkner. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Paradise Lost By John Milton Book 10, Theme, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse.

Book 10 begins in Heaven. God, being omniscient, is aware of the fall of Man. He instantly came to know when Eve and then Adam took the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Meanwhile, Gabriel and other guards of Paradise return to Heaven to inform what happened. Gabriel says that they tried everything possible to stop Satan from entering the Garden of Eden and they are sorry for their failure. God calls a meeting of all angels and informs them about the fall of Man. He says that he knew that Eve and Adam will fall to temptation by Satan but it was their own decision and He in no way influenced it to occur. He addresses Gabriel and other guards of Eden and says that there was nothing they could do about stopping Satan and mankind from making their decision. In a sense, he says, this was destined to happen. It was Adam and Eve’s own free will and now their action must be judged. However, God says that justice can be tempered with mercy. God sends the Son down to Earth to judge Adam and Eve.

The Son reaches earth and calls Adam and Eve who were hiding in bushes. Adam and Eve appear in front of him but there is a stark change in them. Earlier when any Angel used to visit Paradise, Adam and Eve used to greet him cheerfully while singing the prayers of God. However, they are not praising God now nor do they greet the Son. They are ashamed of their nakedness and they cringe into their guilt of disobeying God.

The Son asks them to confess. Adam admits to disobeying God and eating the forbidden fruit but he blames Eve and says that she gave the fruit to him to eat. Eve also admits taking the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge but she blames the serpent who tricked her and took her to the Tree of Knowledge. The Son contemplates the situation and then he condemns the serpent whose body was used by Satan to tempt Eve. The serpent and Eve suddenly feel an enmity against each other that will never end. The Son decrees that all snakes now must crawl on their bellies, never to carry themselves upright again. The Son ordains that Adam and Eve’s children will bruise the serpent’s head, while serpents will forever bite humans by the heel.

Then the Son judges Eve and decrees that Eve and all women following her will be given the pain of childbirth as well as subjugation to their husbands. The Son then confronts Adam and ordains that Adam and all men after him will have to labor to hunt and harvest food in the cursed ground. The Son further adds that Adam and Eve and all their offspring will be subject to death, literally returning to the dust from which they were created. The Son realizes the guilt and shame that he sees in Adam and Eve and he then shows the mercy of God and offers cloth made of animal skin for Adam and Eve to cover themselves. The Son then quickly returns to Heaven.

Meanwhile, Sin and Death were busy creating the ladder from Hell to Earth. They get the information of Satan’s success and Fall of Man and they decide to speed up the formation of the Bridge from Hell to Paradise and begin to proceed towards Earth to meet him. Sin and Death reach the boundary of Paradise where they see Satan. They congratulate him for his success and promise to infect the entire Earth. Death says that he will inflict and corrupt all living things and will become the ruler of Earth. Sin says that she will concentrate more on inflicting humankind. Sin says that earlier they were not able to proceed towards Earth but after his success, they easily reached the edge of Paradise. Sin says that it suggests that now Satan has control over Earth and Human Kind. Satan again feels a false pride and starts believing that he actually acquired the powers suggested by Sin and Death. He thanks them for their good wishes and urges them to conquer and corrupt the earth as soon as possible. None of them were aware of the sentence of the Son against Adam and Eve. They didn’t realize that God allowed Sin and Death to reach Earth so that the Son may vanquish them when he appears on earth as a human.

Satan leaves them and goes to Hell while Sin and Death complete the bridge between Hell and Earth so that Sin, Death, and Satan can more easily invade the earth and Man can be easily brought to Hell.

Satan returns to Hell and addresses all his fellow fallen angels from the altar of the temple of Hell. His companions eagerly listen about his success on Earth however they do not cheer Satan as he expected. Rather he listens to strong hissing sounds. Soon he realizes that he too has been changed into a giant snake and he starts hissing along with other fallen angels.

All the fallen angels then turn into snakes, scorpions, and other monsters. They gather around a tree of the fruit of Hell which exactly resembles the Tree of Knowledge of Paradise. When they taste the fruit of that tree, it tastes like ashes.

Meanwhile, Sin and Death invade earth. Death starts taking control of plants, moving up to animals. Sin, on the other hand, concentrates on humans. God changes the nature of Earth as now Man is destined to struggle to produce his own food. He tilts the axis of the earth in such a way that now the earth will have seasons. Light and order will not always remain on Earth and there will be phases of darkness, disorder, and cold.

Adam and Eve observe these changes. Adam becomes sad and repels Eve. He laments how their children will suffer the consequences of their wrong deeds. To avoid that, Eve suggests that she should commit suicide or should never become a mother. Adam says that it will again mean disobedience against God’s justice. He embraces Eve and soothes her and says that they will bear the consequences with patience and will try to seek forgiveness from God. He says that it is not so bad because they are still together and alive. Eve agrees and both begin praising God again.

Analysis of Book 10

The major theme of Book 10 is Fall of Man and it shows the contrast of the fall of man with that of the fall of angels. After the fall, the fallen angels, under the leadership of Satan, vowed to corrupt God’s creation and established an unending enmity. On the other hand, Man realized his mistake after the fall. Eve swayed again and suggested ways to avoid the decree of punishment but Adam convinced her to accept the punishment and follow the correct path of asking forgiveness while praising God. This difference shows why God will continue to show mercy for Man while paving a way for Man’s redemption. Satan, on the other hand, is forever shunned from the light of heaven. Satan doesn’t allow himself to repent as his disobedience comes from within. On the other hand, Eve and Adam were not internally disobedient to God, they were tricked and as they realized their mistake, they repented. Adam and Eve produced true sorrow and regret that Satan couldn’t.

The other theme of Paradise Lost is the hierarchy. Adam is superior to Eve. It was obvious in previous sections too but in Book 10, Eve is punished to suffer pain while giving birth to children and always remain submissive to Adam. When Adam repels Eve, she considers committing suicide or never procreating so that their offspring may not suffer the consequences of their blunder. However, Adam reminds her about Jesus, the promised birth of the Son as a human for their salvation. This hope prevents the couple from committing suicide.

Satan and the Son are presented in contrast. In the first scene of Book 10, God sends the Son to judge Adam and Eve, His children. In the second scene, the Son meets the children and judges them. In the third scene, Satan, the father meets his children Sin, and Death, and offers them instructions and advice for the future course.

Milton also made a political jab against the Catholic church by mentioning hell as “wonderous art pontifical.” Catholics consider the Pope as the bridge between God and Man. Milton on the other hand describes it as a bridge to hell and the Roman Catholic Church as the way to get there.

So this is it about Book 10 of Paradise Lost. We will soon conclude the remaining two parts of Milton’s epic. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Paradise Lost by John Milton Book 9, Theme, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. John Milton began Book 9 of Paradise Lost with another prayer to his Muse. He invocates and begs Urania, the ‘Christian’ muse to guide him to perform this task when he is going to depict the actual act of disobedience by Adam and Eve. He suggests that he is too old and much less creative than what is required to describe the fall of Humans which is more ‘Heroic’ than Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Iliad. He prays the ‘Christian Patroness’ to help him complete his work and show the true heroism that lies in the Christian idea of sacrifice.

Satan was sent away from Paradise by Gabriel. After 8 days, he returns to the Garden of Eden and while avoiding the eyes of Gabriel and his guards, he studies all the animals of Eden. He learns the strength and weak points of all the creatures and ultimately, he decides to take the shape of a serpent to approach Eve and tempt her. Satan believes that the serpent is the "subtlest beast of all the Field.”

Summary of Book 9

Twilight falls on Eden and as the darkness engulfs the beautiful world, Adam and Eve go to sleep while Satan comes down to the garden in form of mist and then enters the serpent. As he waits for his chance he laments his loss of heaven when he sees how beautiful a creation paradise is. "Revenge, at first though sweet, Bitter ere long back on itself recoils."

The next morning, Adam and Eve prepare for their daily routine of tending the Garden. Eve has noticed the increasing growth of Garden and she realizes that no matter how hard they work, some portion of Garden will remain untended. Thus, she devises a plan and suggests that this day, Adam and Eve should work separately at different portions of the Garden so that they may concentrate more on the work at hand.

Adam argues against Eve’s idea as he is aware of the danger that Raphael informed about. He tells Eve that she will be more vulnerable in his absence but Eve doesn’t relent, she is willing to test her strength. They continue to argue as Eve continues to propose they work separately while Adam insists that they should remain together. At last, Adam gives up and agrees to work separately. However, he commands Eve not to wander here and there and return to their bower as soon as she finishes the work. Eve agrees, but Milton mentions that Eve will never return to the bower in the way she is leaving.

So, Eve chooses the direction in which Satan was hiding in the body of a serpent. Satan watches Eve, arguably the most beautiful creature God ever made, and gets mesmerized. For a moment, he forgets all the evil ideas he had in his head and just watches Eve, admiring her. He feels that in her presence, he is becoming ‘stupidly good.’ Soon he comes to his senses and realizes that his only purpose is to destroy God’s creation, to corrupt Eve, and Adam.

Satan approaches Eve and flatters her, telling her how beautiful she is, how graceful and godly she appears. Eve, prone to vanity, is amazed seeing a serpent speaking like her and Adam. She asks how could the serpent can talk like a human? Satan answers that it is the effect of a fruit that he ate from a tree in the Garden. He says that by eating the fruit of that tree, he got the power to speak and reason. Through his newly acquired rational faculty, the serpent says he reasoned that Eve is worshipable as she is the most beautiful creation of God and he wishes to worship her.

Eve feels like a goddess, full of vanity, and asks the serpent about the tree. Satan, in the body of that serpent, takes Eve to the Tree of Knowledge. Eve is surprised to know that the serpent ate the fruit of that tree. She says that God has forbidden Man from eating fruits of that tree and she is obedient to God. The serpent plays his cards. He says that God forbade Man to eat the fruits of that tree because the fruits of the Tree of Knowledge will make Man omniscient, equivalent to God. Since God doesn’t like competition, He forbade Man to take those fruits. Satan says that God tricked her and Adam. He says that he ate the fruit of that tree himself and got the power to speak and reason like humans, his acumen increased, and there is no side effect, he is not dead. He argues that Man, who already is the master of reason if he eats the fruit from that tree, his abilities will be second to none.

Eve is tempted to try a fruit. She convinces herself to eat the fruit of Tree of Knowledge as the serpent is the proof that those fruits are harmless. Eve takes fruit and devours it.

Suddenly, the whole nature becomes gloomy, sad, and weeping as Eve falls. She is mesmerized by the taste of that fruit and starts worshipping the Tree of Knowledge as a god. Eve notices the gloomy atmosphere and fears if it is a bad omen and will she die? She couldn’t fathom that she will die while Adam will remain. She is fearful that if she dies, Adam will be given another wife. So she decides that Adam must also take that fruit.

As Eve approaches Adam, he sees the change in her, and aghast, he drops the wreath of flowers he was making for her. Eve tells him about the wondrous fruit of the Tree of Knowledge and how she ate it. She insists that if Adam loves her, he must also take the fruit. Adam lets his passion and emotion towards Eve rule his decision and agrees to take the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. He knows that it is forbidden, but for Eve, he is willing to disobey God.

As soon as Adam eats the fruit, he feels a sudden surge of lust for Eve. Earlier too they made love but that was so gentle and pure. It was Eve that always took the hand of Adam as they mated. However, now things have changed. Adam has an animalistic urge to take Eve. He grabs her hand and forcefully takes her to the bank of the river where they first met. They engage in carnal amorous play. They mate like beasts. After their impure love, they get so tired and immediately fall asleep.

As Adam and Eve arise, they find themselves deprived of all the virtues and godliness. Rather they are filled with shame and remorse. For the first time, they are now aware of their nakedness and they feel shame. Adam soon sews some fig leaves together to cover their genitals.

Now Eve realizes what wrong they have done and she starts blaming Adam for letting her go alone in the Garden while he knew that she is vulnerable. Both continue to blame each other as the love between them gradually evaporates.

Analysis of Book 9

Milton doesn’t mention Urania directly as his Muse in the fourth invocation. He strictly prefers to make it more Christian. He further mentions that this story is much greater and grander than Virgil’s or Homer’s work. He mentions that now the ‘Tragic’ part of his epic is going to be revealed. Satan is further degenerated before corrupting Eve. Satan again shows regret to what had happened but he shows no wavering in his determination to destroy humankind. Satan feels the agony of internal despair as he realizes that it would have been better if he hadn’t fallen and been allowed to appreciate the creation of God that he must now ruin. Milton carefully shows that Satan and Man both have absolute power to reason and free will. He expresses that the mind can become one’s own enemy by using reason to approach an unreasonable position. Satan easily succeeds in tempting Eve which again shows that woman is the weaker sex in the Miltonian world. Milton expresses Eve has lacking the ability to reason soundly. She rather falls for false praise and superficial things. Furthermore, once she is corrupted, she cannot stand losing Adam and wants him to be corrupted too. Adam knows that it would be wrong to eat the fruit but he cannot stand the situation where Eve is banished and he is forced to live without her. So he chooses Eve above God and readily eats the fruit. As a result, their pious love turns into a perverted sexual whim.

This is it for today. We will continue to discuss the remaining parts of Paradise Lost. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner | Characters, Themes, Summary

Hello and welcome to the Discourse.

As I Lay Dying was the fifth novel by William Faulkner that was published in 1930. Like ‘The Sound and The Fury’, it is also a story of a South American family on the verge of decay. Faulkner employed the stream of consciousness technique to tell the story of the Bundren family of Yoknapatawpha County (fictional) of Jefferson, Mississippi. The story is depicted through 15 characters in 59 chapters of varying length.

Most of the chapters are narrated by the family members though some chapters are narrated by other characters like neighbors, a doctor, local farmers, and a minister. The novel has a very intimate tone while Faulkner presented the story from 15 different points of view narrated by 15 different characters. Darl Bundren is the central character. While many Bundren family members offer interior monologues in the novel, Darl’s monologues are most distinct, clear, and intellectually superior. This novel is considered one of the best of the 20^th century.

Characters of As I Lay Dying

Addie Bundren is the matriarch head of the Bundren family who is terminally ill and about to die. She is the wife of Anse Bundren and mother of Cash, Darl, Jewel, Dewey Dell, and Vardaman.

Anse is a poor selfish farmer afflicted with a hunchback. He is the father of all kids of Addie except Jewel’s. Cash Bundren is a skilled carpenter, eldest son of Addie. He is in his late twenties. He shows a strong attachment to his carpenter tools. Darl Bundren is the second son of Addie. He appears to be the most articulate character with high emotional intelligence. He alone narrates 19 chapters out of a total 59.

Jewel Bundren is the third son of Addie, a grown-up youth probably 19 years old. He is the favorite son of Addie, an illegitimate child of Addie, and Reverend Whitfield, a local minister. However, it is a well-kept secret and it appears that only Addie and Whitfield know about this. Dewey Dell Bundren is the fourth child and only daughter of Addie and Anse. She is seventeen years old. A local farmer Lafe impregnates her and gives her $10 to abort the child. Vardaman Bundren is the youngest child of Addie, around 8 years old. He is not mentally sound.

Vernon Tull is a local farmer, a good person with less religious inclination than his wife Cora Tull. Eula Tull and Kate Tull are the two daughters of Vernon and Cora. Peabody is a local doctor. Samson is a farmer of Jefferson, Mississippi who lets the Bundren family stay at his house. Rachel is Samson’s wife. All 15 characters offer their point of view of the incidences depicted in the novel.

Summary of As I Lay Dying

In the beginning, Addie is alive but she is terminally ill and knows that she won’t live for long. Addie is a frustrated person. Despite being the matriarch head of the Bundren family, she always felt as if she was unloved and unwanted by her family and she resents this. She wants to make herself count anyhow and thus she gets involved in an extramarital affair and gives birth to Jewel an illegitimate child. Though nobody is aware of her affair, her frustration keeps building up. She has a nihilistic thought that life is nothing but an extended preparation for death and that is what she prepares for. She holds no love for her husband or any of her children except Jewel. She asks her family to fulfill her death wish which is to be buried at Jefferson after her death. Her only motive for this wish is to somehow trouble her husband and thus, take revenge on Anse for tricking him with words. Addie plans all this while saying Anse "would never know I was taking revenge."

Cash is the calmest son of Addie and despite her negligence, he loves her mother. He is a skilled carpenter and decides to create an impressive coffin for her. He works on the coffin outside the window of the room where she lies dying. Anse sends Darl and Jewel on a lumber shipping job so that they may earn some money that will help the family for the funeral. Darl doesn’t want to go as he knows that it will mean that he and his brother wont be at their mother’s side when she dies. However, he decides to go as the family needs money. During their trip, they meet an accident and are forced to turn back home. But Addie dies before they return.

Cash completes the coffin and the family arranges for the funeral. After the funeral, Darl and Jewel go back to the job to earn some money to fulfill the last wish of their mother. The family sets off to Jefferson with the coffin after they return. Addie’s last wish was to be buried at Jefferson where she took birth. Anse's motivating reason to go to Jefferson, however, is to get fitted for new teeth and, if possible, find a new wife. Two other sons, Darl and Jewel, struggle both with their mother's death and their own mental health. Darl is perceptive and insightful but taunts others mercilessly, while Jewel knows how to express love and affection only through violence because his mother sought violence when she conceived him during an affair with a preacher. Dewey Dell accompanies them. She is a simple young woman who is incapable of forming deep, logically sequenced thoughts, is pregnant and in a hurry to get to Jefferson for an abortion. She is just 17 years old and was tricked by a local farmer Lafe who gave her $10 to abort the child. The youngest son Vardaman is mentally retarded. He is around 8 years old and he confuses his mother with the fish he catches on the day she dies.

It is a hot wet season and suddenly a storm hits out at Jefferson while the Bundren family is on the journey with the coffin. It has been a few days when Addie died and her body start deteriorating, creating a foul smell. The family travels in a wagon and faces many difficulties due to bad heavy rain weather. Anse continues to stubbornly reject help offered by others while claiming he wishes to "be beholden to no man," thus manipulating the would-be lender into giving him charity as a gift not to be repaid. The family is often forced to remain hungry and sleeps in barns as Anse continues to reject any assistance including meals or lodging.

Jewel had a horse that Anse sold against his wishes to get new mules for the wagon. He thinks of leaving the family but decides not to leave them in such a time of tribulation during the journey. As the family wagon crosses the bridge to Jefferson, the mighty river washes off a part of the bridge and the coffin starts going down the river. Cash heroically tries to save the coffin as his most prized carpenter tools were attached to a side of it. While Cash fails to catch the coffin, his tools fall back in the river and he breaks one of his legs while trying to save them. Two of the new mules are also lost during the ordeal. Meanwhile, Jewel saves the coffin in time.
As the body further deteriorates, it creates a horrific stench and the sheriff of Mattson objects to it. Anse argues against him while Cash pretends he is not suffering despite being in pain because of his broken leg. The family buys some cement to put a makeshift cast of concrete on his leg.

The wagon reaches Gillepsie Farm of Samson, a farmer who offers the Bundren family a night stay. Samson’s wife Rachel is not very happy about it and she complains of the extremely foul and unhealthy smell coming out of the coffin. Darl gets too upset with the situation as he could no longer stand what is happening to his mother’s body. He decides to put fire to burn the dead body Addie. The fire spreads and the whole barn gets burned. Meanwhile, Jewel succeeds in saving the coffin again and the foul stench keeps polluting the surrounding. Meanwhile, Cash’s leg gets further deteriorated as he is seriously injured and the makeshift concrete cast has only made matter worse. Samson and Rachel discover the origin of the fire and blame Darl for it. Anse decides to declare Darl mentally insane and agrees to send him to a mental asylum as he doesn’t want to reimburse Samson for the barn that was burnt to ashes.

The family reaches Jefferson on the ninth day. The townspeople notice the stench and complain against it. Anse borrows two shovels from a local lady. Anse and Jewel dig up the grave and at last, they bury the coffin. Each member has their own motives to settle in Jefferson. Cash meets Doctor Peabody who tries to cure his leg. Vardaman continues to confuse his dead mother with the fish that he caught and killed the same day Addie died. Dewey Dell visits a pharmacy for an abortion but fails to ask while the pharmacist tricks her into having sex with him. Later on, Anse threatens Dewey Dell and forces her to hand over the $10 that Lafe gave her for an abortion. Anse decides to get ‘new teeth’ and soon he proposes and marries a local woman of Jefferson from whom he borrowed the shovels. He introduces his new wife and Mrs. Brunden to his family.

So this is it about As I Lay Dying. We will continue to discuss Modern American English Literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Paradise Lost by John Milton Book 8 | Theme, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. Book 8 of Paradise Lost is significant for various reasons. 1^st is the conflict between the scientific progress of that era and the Biblical representation of the world. Milton had a sense of science. He was aware of the advancements achieved by Copernicus and Galileo. He was an ardent fan of Galileo and he met him too during his time in Italy. Instead of siding with the scientific heliocentric view or Biblical geocentric view, Milton offers both views through the discussion of Raphael and Adam and suggests that God doesn’t intend human beings to comprehend everything about his creation. In a way, Milton concedes that the Bible cannot offer all the knowledge, and some information is beyond its scope.

The other important point of Book 8 is again the hierarchy and the lower position of Eve as a submissive of Adam. Milton describes how Adam longed for a companion and how God created Eve to please Adam. Adam is spiritually and intellectually connected with Eve but he can also feel his carnal desires for her and he is sexually enamored by her. This carnal love of Adam for Eve ultimately leads him to his downfall.

Summary of Book 8

In Book 7, Raphael explained to Adam how and why Adam was created and why God created Earth, the new world. In Book 8, Adam continues his inquiries and asks Raphael about the motion of stars, the sun, and other planets. Eve again leaves Raphael and Adam alone to continue their intense discussion while she may enjoy the beauty of the Garden. She doesn’t appear bored of the discussion nor she is unable to grasp the subject of the matter. However, she prefers to hear about the conversation afterward from Adam and learn the truth from him as he caresses her.

Adam shares his observation with Raphael and says that the other planets, sun, moon, and stars are orbiting around the earth, God’s most beautiful creation. Raphael says that it is possible but offers a counterpoint. He tells Adam that maybe it appears as if everything is revolving around the earth because the earth is also revolving around its axis. Raphael says that it doesn’t matter whether the other heavenly bodies move around the earth or the earth moves around those heavenly bodies, it is of lesser importance. He tells Adam that such broader and detailed queries cannot have any possible answer because God doesn’t intend human beings to know everything about the Universe and its creation. Then he says that Adam should understand the limits of knowledge that God has set for him. He warns Adam to remain satisfied with the knowledge God lets him have and resist the urge to know the unknowable.

Adam listens to Raphael calmly and then says that he knows about his own creation. He then tells his experience of consciousness after his awakening. He wondered who was he, where he was, and why was he created? Soon he realized that, unlike trees, he could walk, and run, and jump, unlike other animals, he could speak. Then God came to him and explained how and why He created Adam. God offered him dominion over all the other creatures of Earth. In return, God ordered him never to eat any fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. Later on, Adam decided to learn more about his surroundings, his dominion. He observed that all other creatures were in pairs. He realized that he knew the names of all of those creatures beforehand as God already provided him all the knowledge he must have. Soon he started longing for his own companion, like other animals who are in pairs. He realized that he needs some companion with whom he may express and share his feelings, thoughts, and joys. When God reappeared, Adam begged Him to offer him a companion. God asked why he needs a companion and Adam argued that all other creatures are in pairs and they can share their feelings and thoughts but he is alone. God said that He is alone and doesn’t need anyone to complete him, so must Adam remain alone. Adam argued that, unlike God, he is not perfect nor complete and hence he desires a companion. God was happy that Adam could use his rational faculty to reasonably argue with Him. He sent Adam in deep sleep and then took a rib out of Adam. From that rib, He created Eve. Adam was asleep, yet he knew all of this happening as God allowed his mind to remain aware of happenings even though he was asleep. When Adam saw Eve, he instantly fell in love with her.

Raphael notices Adam’s weakness towards Eve and warns him to refrain from the carnal attraction that he has for Eve. Raphael talks more about love and says that love should arise through spiritual and intellectual senses. Adam accepts that he is attracted towards Eve for her beauty and he is sexually enamored by her. Raphael says that although Eve appears more beautiful than Adam from the outside, Adam is more beautiful from the inside. Raphael says that Eve is a little less pure, and far from God. He says that Eve is intellectually and physically weaker than Adam and his love for Eve must transcend from sexual attraction to spiritual and intellectual relation. Adam is worried that he is sexually attracted towards Eve but says that his love for Eve arises from his spiritual and intellectual essence. Raphael again notices the hints of weakness in the situation and reiterates that Adam must be disciplined and must understand the hierarchy. He says that Adam must lead Eve spiritually and intellectually and both of them must avoid temptation as Satan will try to tempt them to disobey God. With this warning, Raphael takes leave and flies away to Heaven while Adam goes to sleep.

Analyses of Book 8

Milton dodged the debate of the heliocentric versus the geocentric view of the universe by suggesting that some things are beyond human intellect.

He further elucidated the difference between males and females. In Book IV, we learnt about Eve’s creation. God didn’t appear to meet her. She became aware of her beauty while seeing her reflection in calm water and fell in love with herself. She was weak against vanity. When she saw Adam, she found him less attractive than herself and turned away. Adam remembers how Eve turned away from her but he thinks that it was designed by God so that she may appear more attractive to Adam and he may pursue her. It shows that while Eve is concentrated and confident about herself, Adam was susceptible to self-deception as it is clear that God didn’t make Eve turn away from Adam, it was her own decision. Eve was created in the shadows of the night while Adam was created in bright daylight.

Raphael warns Adam to avoid carnal love. Adam accepts that he feels sexually attracted towards Eve but his love is spiritual and intellectual. However, he is worried about his carnal temptations towards Eve as while he knows that Eve is intellectually and physically weaker than him, she is less pure and a little far from God than him, he sometimes feels that because of her beauty, she is the "wisest, virtuousest, discreetist, best."

The Fall is the main theme of Paradise Lost. Satan falls because of his pride. It is becoming clear in Book 8 that Adam will suffer fall because of his sexual attraction towards Eve and Eve is destined to fall because of her vanity.

So this is it about Book 8. We will continue to discuss other parts of Paradise Lost. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.