The Rape of The Lock Canto 2 by Alexander Pope | Structure, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The Rape of the Lock Canto 2 is by far the most important part of this mock-heroic epic. Pope introduces The Locks of Hair and their power. Canto 2 focuses on three major episodes, Belinda's river cruise, the Baron's altar of love, and Ariel's instructions to his troops. Most epic poems include a sea voyage, so Belinda’s traveling by boat emphasizes her role as a parody of an epic hero.

Canto 2 is 142 lines long, full of ironies, metaphors, and juxtapositions, and it contains enough mock-heroic elements. It clarifies that the meager act of stealing a lock of hair wasn’t just a playful mischievous act, rather, it represented a more explicit sexual conquest. Pope added sexually metaphorical words like ‘force’, ‘ravish’, and ‘betray’, which offer deeper meaning to the term ‘rape’ mentioned in the title.

Summary of The Rape of The Lock Canto 2

Lines 1-18

Pope begins by depicting Belinda’s beauty as brighter than the sunshine itself. In Canto I, Pope personifies Sol (the sun) who was so shy about peeping through Belinda's window curtains because Belinda's very eyes would rival his beams for beauty. The first three lines of Canto II continue the metaphor relating Belinda to the sun and mention her as "the Rival of his Beams." She is traveling on the silvery white waters of the river Thames on her way to a party at Hampton Court, a few miles upriver from her house. There are many other well-dressed beautiful women and men on the boat but Belinda outshines them all. She is the most beautiful and everyone acknowledges it. She is adorning the jeweled shining cross on her necklace that is resting on her ‘white breasts.’ Obviously, nobody is noticing the cross. Pope sexualizes the religious symbol and suggests that the cross can be adored by “Jews” and “Infidels” as readily as by Christians because that is hardly the centerpiece of attraction. Pope satirizes the societal trend of valuing carnal pleasure more than a moral lifestyle.

Belinda is socially good and charming for all, like the superficial sun, she shines her smile for everyone but shows no deep endearment to anyone. She often rejects the eye-contact with others but she hardly offends anyone because she is so beautiful that everyone forgives her if she accidentally hurts someone's feelings. Belinda values her looks but she is so graceful that she easily hides any pride with her sweetness. And even if she had some errors: "Look on her Face, and you'll forget 'em all".
Lines 19-28

A nymph is a mythological figure, a spirit of nature imagined as a beautiful maiden inhabiting river. In Canto 1, Pope described Belinda as a coquette, a woman who must attract a suitable husband but simultaneously refrain from so great an attraction that she compromises her virtue. In line 19, he addresses Belinda as a Nymph as the coquette is on the river Thames. This nymph is on a mission to destroy the man folk and enslave them. And to achieve her goal, she has nourished two locks of curled hair that hang at her back. Both hair locks have an equal number of curls that hide the shiny ivory-colored skin of the back of her neck. The party at Hampton Court appears to be a hunting trip for Bellinda who is all prepared for her hunt. Her hunting tools are those two locks of curled hair, the main subject of the poem.
These curled locks are not natural, rather, they are strategically planned and ‘nourished’. Belinda knows the importance of such niceties and how to use them. These curly locks are no less than unsolvable labyrinths where her loves often find themselves imprisoned and enslaved. And the men who are mighty enough to avoid the entrapment are chained by the locks. Pope offers metaphors for the locks which are "slender Chains" with the power to enslave. These locks are strategic tools for catching admirers, much like "Sprindges" (snares) or fishing lines that might catch a bird or a fish.

Lines 29-46

The Baron is introduced in these lines. He is one of the admirers of Belinda who is aware of the powers of her locks. He is the adventurous one who hopes to win those locks as a winning trophy. He has contemplated this task and knows it won’t be easy. However, he is determined to win Belinda anyhow, by hook or crook. And the way to win her is, he knows, to win her locks, her weapons. He has made up his mind to get those hairs as his and for this, he is willing to use ‘force’ to ‘ravish’ or ‘fraud’ to ‘betray.’ The Baron is planning to steal those locks for a long time and to add them to his collection of ‘trophies’ of his former loves’. The Baron isn’t a lover, he is rather a nymph hunter, a trophy collector. He has used force or fraud in past too as he has many trophies of former loves. But now he desires Belinda more than anything else. For him, means don’t matter as nobody asks if the success came through fraud or force.

Pope compares the Baron with Phoebus imploring Propitious for success in his endeavor. But as the war is of love, he makes an altar for Love and prays for his success. The baron has kept 12 French Romances thinly gilded with gold. Belinda had Bible and ‘billet doux’ on her dressing table, and the Baron has these 12 french Romances, trophies, and love letters from his former loves. Pope adds the ritual sacrifice scene to his mock epic as the Baron sacrifices three of the ‘billet-doux’ from his former loves and burns them to light a fire to please Love. His prayers are halfway granted. Belinda's doom is sealed.

Lines 47-72

Belinda’s vessel is gliding on the river Thames and it is perfectly secured at present. Ariel, the guardian sylph warned Belinda in her dream and requested her not to meet any men during this cautious period but she ignored his advice. She is en route to attend the party at Hampton court where there will be many men, along with the Baron. Ariel doesn’t know when and from where the danger will appear, but he knows it will and he is devoted to safeguarding Belinda. For this, he has summoned a huge army of Sylphs and Sylphids. These magical figures are no more in Belinda’s dream, but they are in the real presence. Yet, none other than Ariel can observe them because they are in so tiny and beautiful demeanor. When Ariel talks to these sylphs and they respond, it appears a light breeze is blowing. They are the ‘Denizens of Air,’ so light, translucent, or bright in color. Metaphorically, Pope gives these Sylphs the figure of butterflies and other beautiful colorful insects that surround the boat of Belinda. Ariel addresses all of them and they encircle their leader in the air, above the mast of the boat. The Sylphs are beautiful, colorful, and delicate, like a lot of butterflies.

Lines 73-100

These lines are full of inflation and juxtaposition. Ariels address all his minions Sylphs and Sylphids and inform them about the hierarchy of magical figures including Fays, Fairies, Genii, Elves, and Daemons. One may find traces of a satirical take on Mlton's Paradise Lost. Ariel says that the purest Spirits top of the hierarchy remain in the aether and glitter in sunlight while some other have the job to regulate the celestial bodies. Some less refined spirits are assigned the job of hovering and catching the shooting stars in the moonlight. They remove the mists and pinup the rainbows, or bring fierce tempests, and bring rains. Some less refined spirits are tasked with observing the human race and guiding them in their actions. Of these lesser refined spirits, the top in the hierarchy have the job to take care of Great Britain and guard the British monarch, In comparison, Ariel and Syphs have got a humble job of tending and helping the fair sex. Ariel mentions that it is a pleasing task but it has no glory. He gives details: Sylphs help with hairstyles, makeup, and fashion, without the beautiful coquettes ever knowing it. Thus, Ariel and his Sylphs are assigned the realm of ridiculous.

Lines 101-122

In these lines, Ariel informs the Sylphs of the reason why they have gathered on the boat near Belinda. He warns "black Omens" threaten their Belinda, and that they all have to pull together to guard her against whatever terrible thing is about to happen to her. Pope introduces his sexual innuendos in these lines, "Whether the Nymph shall break Diana's law,/ Or some frail China jar receives a Flaw." Diana’s law is an allusion to the Roman Goddess of chastity, breaking Diana’s law suggests loss of virginity. Similarly, broken pottery is also used literally to indicate loss of virginity. However, it can be taken as a juxtaposition too, as if forcibly losing virginity is equivalent to breaking of a China jar. Ariel’s final anxiety is that Belinda might “stain her honor or her new brocade”. While the staining of Belinda’s honor is overtly sexual, the staining of her dress likewise has sexual implications, alluding both to female sexual maturity (menstruation) and to the tearing of the hymen (loss of virginity). Again, it can be seen as a juxtaposition, comparing the loss of honor with a stain on a new dress. Ariel’s other fear is Belinda’s lapdog whom she loves so much. It is a satirical commentary on the priorities of the society Pope lived in.

After expressing his worries, Ariel assigns various tasks to his minions for ensuring protection of Belinda. Ariel assigns to watch Belinda's fan to a Sylph named "Zephiretta.""Brillante" is assigned the task to keep an eye on her diamonds, and "Momentilla" will guard her watch. Another Sylphide is named Crispissa, a play on the Latin word meaning curl. Her job is to guard Belinda’s favorite locks while Ariel himself will protect Shock.

Ariel’s main worry is Belinda breaking Diana’s law and thus he assigns 50 sylphs of special notes, the job of protecting Belinda’s petticoat. Belinda is already careful about it as her petticoat is exceptionally strong and is made with hoops and whalebone. Yet, 50-strong Sylphs must protect it as Ariel has an inkling that someone will try to ‘ravage’ it forcefully and all of that construction might not be enough to keep out a persistent suitor. This part is full of double meanings. The guardian Sylph does know that something untoward is coming but he isn’t aware of what it might be and when, and he assigns an army of 50 sylphs to guard the petticoat of Belinda, which suggests that the two hair locks could be Belinda’s pubic hair, and thus, the theft of the lock represents a greater threat to Belinda’s virtue than the theft of her hair would suggest.

Lines 123-142

In these lines, Ariel warns the Sylphs of bitter consequences if they slack and fail in their jobs to ensure the protection of Belinda. Any spirit careless of her charge might find themselves stuck in small glass jars or poked with pins, dunked in cosmetic "Washes" (imagine someone drowned in liquid facewash), or stuck in a hairpin. A bodkin’s eye means a hairpin. Such a careless sylph may also get punished for being good up in hair gel and lotion (Gums and Pomatums), or they will shrink into nothingness. They will be punished so severely that even an astringnet-like alum won’t stop their bleeding. Such a slacking Sylph may also be drowned in a sea of hot chocolate, or imprisoned in a coffee grinder. There’s an allusion to the Classical Greek character Ixion, who was doomed to revolve on a wheel in Hades for eternity.

All Sylphs vow to be attentive for the protection of Belinda to avoid any such punishment and they move towards their posts. Some of the sylphs go to her petticoat while some others go to her curls and earrings. All of them are anxious and careful as they wait for the unknown danger to appear so that they may protect Belinda against it.

Pope begins Canto II with a description of Belinda’s beauty and vanity, parodying it as frivolous. He describes the mysteries of Belinda’s dressing table as an art, but then he draws a parallel between the Baron’s frivolous pyre and Belinda’s dressing table altar and suggests that the two as being morally equivalent in their frivolity. In Pope’s time, men were expected to be morally and intellectually superior to women. Pope suggests that Belinda’s beauty evens the playing field a bit at the patriarchal court. He further suggests that she is so careful about cultivating her beauty to escape unfair moral scrutiny.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards!

Fire and Ice by Robert Frost | Structure, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. 'Fire and Ice' is a short poem written by Robert Frost that was first published in 1920 and then republished in his poetry collection titled New Hampshire in 1923. Frost won the 1924 Pulitzer prize for poetry for New Hampshire.

Fire and Ice talk about the ways the world may end. Frost wrote this time in 1920, just two years after the end of the First World War, when revolution, apocalypse, and social and political chaos were on many people’s minds. Aristotelian or classical elements of nature are water, fire, air, and earth. Frost mentions the first two in the title and the content of his poem. Though he mentions water as ice, that is the water is frost, which happened to be his surname.

In early 1920, Robert Frost met the astronomer Harlow Shapley and asked him how the world will end. Shapley answered that either the sun will swallow and engulf the earth, incinerating it, or the earth will escape and become a rouge planet, slowly freezing in deep space. Robert Frost published Fire and Ice the same year later.

In 1922, Russian scientist and mathematician Alexander Friedmann offered some genuine equations negating the idea that the universe is stable and proved that either the universe could either expand or contract. With enough matter, gravity could stop the universe's expansion and eventually reverse it. This reversal would result in the universe collapsing on itself, not too dissimilar to a black hole, death by fire, or the expansion of the universe will continue, leading it to Heat death, or death by freezing. In 1923, "Fire and Ice" was republished.

Robert Frost expressed these scientific ideas in human and social terms through this poem.

Structure of Fire and Ice :

The poem is composed of a single nine-line stanza irregularly written in iambic trimeter and iambic dimeter. There is no rhyming scheme though it appears as a mix of three rhyming schemes as each line ends either with an -ire, -ice, or -ate rhyme which offers a euphonic symmetry. Enjambment has been used in the 7^th line to a great effect. The poem is strongly metaphorical. The language is simple with a great effect of aphorism.

Summary of Fire and Ice :

Lines 1-4

Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.

The poet distinguishes fire and ice as different entities. He mentions that the people are divided into two groups. While one group believes that the world will end in fire, the other says it will end in ice. Frost used ‘some’ to represent the two sides of the debate instead of using ‘I’ or an Individual. This offers a universal assertion to the two opposing ideas of the world ending in fire, or ice, instead of presenting it as an idea promoted by an individual.
In these two lines, the poet declares that the world is mortal that will definitely end in either fire or ice, though it is still debatable how it will end. Thus, the world will definitely end and there is no other way. Then the poet relates fire with the desires and emotions of individuals and claims that personally, he supports the group claiming the world will end in fire. First World War ended just a couple of years ago, and a war is often a result of irrational desires, greed, emotions, and interests.

Lines 5-9
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.

The narrator then suggests that the argument offered by the other group is also worth mentioning and he believes that if the world has to perish twice then even the ice has enough capability to bring the world to the end. The narrator equates ice with hatred and alienation. The speaker determines that either option would achieve its purpose sufficiently well. Within this metaphorical view of the two elements, the “world” can be recognized as a metaphor for a relationship. Too much fire and passion can quickly consume a relationship, while cold indifference and hate can be equally destructive. The narrator ultimately admits that the world could just as easily end in ice; fire and ice, it seems, are strikingly similar. Frost’s short 1920 poem ‘Fire and Ice' has been named by George R. R. Martin as part of the inspiration behind the title A Song of Ice and Fire.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of American English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards!

Mowing by Robert Frost | Structure, Themes, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. Mowing was one of the earliest poems by Robert Frost he wrote in 1913. It was the first poem in which Frost experimented with the “sound of sense” technique. The ‘sound of sense’ technique implies the usage of such words in the verse that offers specific sounds and syllables to construct an aural feeling of the subject and narrative intention. The poem is about the importance of hard work and how enjoyable it can be. What sound does the scythe make? Frost concludes that it is ‘the sweetest dream that labor knows’ – the scythe ‘whispers’ as it performs its work.

Structure of the poem Mowing:

Frost wrote this poem in form of a sonnet as it contains 14 lines. However, it does not conform to any traditional rhyme scheme of a sonnet. Frost rather wrote it as an amalgamation of the Petrarchan sonnet (ABBAABBA CDECDE) and Shakespearean sonnet (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG) and created his own rhyming scheme ABC ABD ECD FEG FG for Mowing. The poem contains 3 quatrains and a couplet. Robert Frost repeatedly used the word ‘whispers’ and employed swaying motion of meter in certain lines (like “Perhaps it was something…/ Something perhaps) to offer a visceral sense of the to-and-fro movement of the scythe as it cuts the hay in a field. The personification of the scythe is apparent in the term ‘whisper.’ Contrast has also been used. The poem offers the philosophical viewpoint of the scythe about labor that the farmer using it may or may not agree with. Metaphor is used as the poet equates ‘Pale orchises’ and the “bright green snake” with the highs and lows, beauty and horror, and troubles in general life.

Summary of Mowing :

Lines 1-4

There was never a sound beside the wood but one,

And that was my long scythe whispering to the ground.

What was it it whispered? I knew not well myself;

Perhaps it was something about the heat of the sun,

In the first line, the poet describes himself as the lone farmer working in his field beside the wood. He says that it is complete silence with no sound but just one. The poet then personifies his tool, the scythe that he is using to cut hay on his field, and says that the only discernible sound is that of his scythe ‘whispering’ to the ground. This conversation in whispers between the scythe and the ground attracts the poet and he tries to understand it. As they are whispering in low voice, the talks of scythe aren’t clear to him. He surmises that perhaps, the scythe is complaining about the heat of the sun as he is disturbed by it. He thinks that the scythe is feeling delusional as the sun is beating down on him.

Lines 5-8

Something, perhaps, about the lack of sound—

And that was why it whispered and did not speak.

It was no dream of the gift of idle hours,

Or easy gold at the hand of fay or elf:

The poet again guesses what the scythe is whispering and says that maybe the scythe is whispering about the silence that engulfs the field. Maybe, the scythe is astounded by this much silence and as he doesn’t want to disturb or break the silence, he whispers in low voice. The other reason for the scythe to make a low sound whisper and not a loud voice is that the scythe is busy doing his work, he isn’t sharing some dream of his idle hours. Nor the scythe is talking about the easy gold or money that one gets through magic. Here, the poet uses metaphor and suggests that sometimes, the things that seem so simple, like thinking about and writing a poem, are not so simple, rather they are products of hard labor and the poet is continuously working, like the scythe to produce and get results. The poet says that his poems don’t come through magic.

Lines 9-12

Anything more than the truth would have seemed too weak

To the earnest love that laid the swale in rows,

Not without feeble-pointed spikes of flowers

(Pale orchises), and scared a bright green snake.

The poet continues to express the hard labor in poetry and says that anything fanciful and delusional about the world would appear weak in a poem. He says that if he dresses up his poem in fake, magical pretense, it will dissolute and diminish the worth of the real world. Instead, the poet wants his readers to focus on the highs and lows of work, as well as the beauty and horror that lay in wait in life and that is what he prefers to write about. The poet expresses beauty as ‘Pale orchises’ and horror or troubles, difficulties, and failures as ‘bright green snake’. The poet suggests that whenever a person decides to work hard, he faces difficulties and/or distractions and he is often tempted to give up the hard work. But, one should not get distracted by and/or disturbed by the many troubles that will come as one is aspiring to work hard and trying to make something of their day.

Lines 13-14

The fact is the sweetest dream that labor knows.

My long scythe whispered and left the hay to make.

In the last two lines, the poet again brings the scythe upfront as now, the scythe speaks. The poet has finally made up his mind about what the scythe was whispering. He already ascertained that it was not talking of fantasies or fancy dreams of idleness, nor it talked about the magical things and worlds. The poet says that the scythe, who is working so hard, whispered to the ground that the sweetest dream a hard worker engaged in labor can have is the fact or reality. The poet assumes that the scythe whispered that one should know what they’re working for and why they are working, and that is enough. They don’t need to think of any other thing, issue, or consequence. They shouldn’t worry about the rewards or criticism. A hard worker, like a scythe, or the farmer, or the poet, should remain focussed on his hard work and he should be aware of the truth, his true intentions, and goals regarding that work, and that is the most beautiful thing. As the narrator assumes that this is what the scythe whispered, he stops attempting to analyze the scythe’s whispering within his imagination and has resorted to simple, honest work.

The philosophical aspect of the poem can be compared with the mentality of Robert Frost as a poet. He always preferred writing poetry about everyday life on the farms of New England and often was criticized for this. Frost answers all such criticism and points out in “Mowing,” truth and fact are far more significant than imaginative fancies of gold and elves. And thus, his emphasis on reality and the real-life struggles and situations of people in his poetry are more beautiful and effective than any traditional sonnet that narrates love stories or describes lands of fairytales.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of American English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

The English Teacher by R. K. Narayan | Characters, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The English Teacher was the fourth novel by R. K. Narayan, the third of his Malgudi series that was published in the year 1945. The novel is a tragic love story that eventually leads to self-realization and hence, the major theme of the novels are love and existentialism or self-realization. It is a fictional autobiographical novel in which Narayan expressed his own experiences and love for his wife and daughter and his feelings after the death of his wife in 1939. The other themes of the novel include parental love and educational reforms.

Characters of The English Teacher :

Krishna is the protagonist of the novel. He is an English teacher and lecturer at Albert Mission College. It is a lucrative job but Krishna doesn’t like teaching and would rather prefer to be a poet. He leads a monotonous and uninteresting life until his wife Sushila comes with their daughter Leela to live with him. Krishna is a committed loyal husband who loves his wife. He is a doting father who understands his responsibilities toward his child. Sushila is a caring housewife who is conscious of her family. She is not a submissive woman and takes hold of the family budget while Krishna earns. She is a beautiful lady who cares about her appearance. She is a caring mother. Krishna and Sushila offer shades of autobiographical elements as the character of Krishna is based on Narayan himself while the character of Sushila is based on his wife Rajam who died of typhoid in 1939. The character of Leela is based on Narayan’s daughter Hema. The Headmaster is an eccentric man who runs a private school for young kids. Unlike Krishna, he is very focused on his vocation and loves to teach. He experiments with new ways of education and tries everything possible to make children take more interest in education. He inspires Krishna to reinvent himself and realize what he is meant to do. The Sage is another important yet small character in the novel. He becomes the medium of communication between Krishna and the soul of his dead wife Sushila. Shashtri is a colleague of Krishna at Albert Mission College and Dr. Shankar is the most successful physician of Malgudi.

Summary of The English Teacher :

The novel is divided into eight chapters. The story begins at the hostel of Albert Mission College of Malgudi where Krishna lives. He is a teacher and lecturer of English at the same college from where he completed his education. He is not very social and finds his job and life tiresome and uninteresting. He dreams of becoming a poet but fails to write enough as he would prefer because the job as a teacher also demands a lot of energy and time. He is a dedicated lecturer though he doesn’t like teaching the job is lucrative and he gets a regular salary of Rs 100 per month. However, he is uninterested in his students and is happy to hear the bell ring at the end of the class. He is very academic in nature and prefers his students to cram up the books to pass exams. He is very frustrated by himself and often compares himself with a cow doing nothing but grazing on grass. Despite all his frustrations, he has a good sense of humor and he uses it to spread cheer in college among his students. While the major reason for his frustration is his inability to make his dream of becoming a poet come true, he is also frustrated because he misses his lovely wife Sushila, and daughter Leela who are living in another city with Krishna’s parents. This is so because he doesn’t have enough money to buy a house in Malgudi and his hostel room is too small for his family. One day, he gets a letter from his father informing him that Sushila and Leela are visiting Malgudi to live with him. Sushila and Leela visit Malgudi along with Krishna’s mother and they all start living in a small hostel apartment of Krishna. Despite the lack of space, Krishna is very happy as he is near to his daughter and a loving wife whom he loves too much. Sushila is a very beautiful and intelligent woman. She immediately takes hold of the house and budget and Krishna willingly offers her all the financial management. Sushila starts taking control of his whole salary as she runs the family while Krishna gets more time for his poetry.

On Leela's third birthday, Krishna’s father offers him money to buy his own home in Malgudi so that he may live with his family as he works there. Krishna and Sushila then start looking for a viable home that they can buy in the allocated budget. One of Krishna’s colleagues is Shashtri who is a logic teacher and also works as a builder. He suggests him some ready-to-move houses at Lawley Extension. Sushila is very happy about the prospect of buying her own house. She gets ready to inspect the houses and choose one. She wears her favorite indigo saree and applies some jasmine perfume. Krishna is totally enchanted by her and sees her as if she is a ‘phantom of delight.’ He says that from now on he will call her Jasmine and they will name their house the Jasmine Home. Before visiting Lawley's extension, he takes Sushila to Bombay Anand Bhawan, a restaurant, to take breakfast. Then he takes Sushila to the banks of the Sarayu river to wash their feet before they visit their future adobe. They visit many homes and then they decide on a house that Sushila liked most. As Krishna negotiates with Shashtri about the price of the house, Sushila goes to the backyard of the house where she sees a lavatory. She decides to inspect it too and enters. The lavatory is too filthy and it shocks Sushila. A fly suddenly jumps upon Sushila and stings her. She cries in fear and somehow she locks herself in the lavatory. Krishna reaches for her help and kicks open the door. He finds Sushila very distraught and tries to console her as they go back to the hostel.

Sushila fails to take any food as she cannot forget her experience in the filthy lavatory and soon he falls ill and suffer a high fever. She remains bedridden for 4 days but doesn’t improve. Krishna then consults Dr. Shankar of Krishna Medical Hall. Dr. Shankar inspects Sushila and suspects that she is suffering from Malaria. He offers some medicines but they don’t help. Finally, he takes a blood sample of Sushila and sends it for further inquiry. Soon it is revealed that Sushila is suffering from typhoid and it has been too late. Typhoid is contagious but Krishna is dedicated and optimistic, he continues to serve Sushila and take care of her. Meanwhile, Leela is kept away from Sushila and Krishna’s mother takes care of her. However, Krishna’s optimism fails and Sushila dies leaving him ‘blind, dumb, and dazed.’ She is cremated on the banks of the Saryu river according to Hindu rites.

After Sushila’s death, Krishna is too shocked and grief-ridden. He thinks of committing suicide but then he hears the cries of Leela and decides to take care of her. Sushila’s father asks Krishna to let him take Leela with him to which he denies and says that Leela is the only reason why he is still living. He becomes disenchanted with his job and personal life. His only refuge and reason to live is his baby daughter. Therefore, he spends all his energy and affection on her as she becomes the center of his world.

One day, after his lecture at the college, a student approaches him and gives him a letter. When he sees it, he finds that the writing matches that of Sushila. He is astounded. He asks the student where he got the letter. The student takes him to a Sage. The sage tells Krishna that he can converse with people after their death. He says that Sushila came into his contact and told him to contact Krishna. Krishna is too excited about this as it offers him a chance to be in touch with the woman he loved more than himself. The sage becomes the medium between Sushila and Krishna. Krishna soon becomes too dependent on the sage. Meanwhile, he starts ignoring Leela as his whole focus is on Sushila who is already dead. One day, the sage goes away to visit some other city and Krishna finds himself distraught and lost. Not knowing what to do, he decides to find a way to converse with Sushila directly. As he loiters around the banks of the Sarayu river, he sits down and meditates. Soon the soul of Sushila approaches him and he successfully communicates with her. Sushila reminds him of his duties towards Leela and tells him to get her admitted to a good school. Krishna realizes his mistake and decides to take proper care of Leela. He is no more dependent on the sage or the soul of Sushila.

As he returns home, he finds that Leela is not at home. He searches for her and finds her near the gate of a kid’s school in the neighborhood. He takes Leela inside and talks to the Headmaster. Krishna finds that the headmaster of the school is an eccentric person. When Krishna asks him his name, he says, “Just Headmaster will do...” Krishna observes that the headmaster is very dedicated to his students and enrolls Leela in the same school. Krishna observes that the headmaster has divided the main hall into several rooms with partition screens that are filled with glittering alphabets and pictures made by the students. He sees that the headmaster has turned the process of learning into a fun activity for the students. He gets too impressed by the headmaster and decides to follow a few of his techniques of teaching at his own college. On a Sunday, Leela insists to go to school while it is a holiday of Krishna. As he takes her to the school, he finds that the school is open. When he asks the Headmaster, the headmaster says that he hasn’t taken leave for the last 15 years. The school is open at all times without any timetable and the students can come and go anytime they wish. Leela is too happy in her new school. One day, she asks Krishna why cannot he teach at the same school which is so near to their home while the school where Krishna is currently teaching is so far.

Krishna makes a close friendship with the headmaster. One day, he visits his house and sees that his wife is a quarrelsome lady and his three children are uncouth and wild. The headmaster says that his wife doesn’t allow his children to visit his school. He says, “I could sooner get the Emperor’s children. My school is for all the children except my own.” The headmaster says that he believes in an astrologer his life has gone precisely according to what the astrologer had told him. The astrologer has given the precise date and time of his death, which the headmaster is convinced will turn out to be true. One night, the headmaster visits Krishna’s house and tells him that it is the day he will die. Krishna tells him that he is perfectly fine and nothing will happen to him but the headmaster is adamant. He says that he is going home to spend his last night with his wife and children. The next day, Krishna visits his home and finds that the headmaster never reached his home. Krishna gets deeply disturbed and sad and informs the wife that the headmaster is dead. His wife starts crying but the headmaster appears at the same time. He informs that the prediction of the astrologer proved wrong. He says that the prediction kept him under the burden of fear of death but now, he will live his life freely. He decides to leave his wife and children forever and never visit his home again. He makes teaching kids in innovative ways in his school with utmost dedication. Observing all this, Krishna too feels a change in himself. He decides to resign from his lucrative job at Albert Mission College and joins the headmaster’s expanding school as the new English teacher at a quarter of the salary he was getting in college to seek inner satisfaction.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of Indian English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

The Rape of The Lock Canto 1 by Alexander Pope | Characters, Themes, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The Rape of The Lock is a mock-heroic narrative poem by Alexander Pope that was published in five cantos (parts) during the years 1712 to 1714. The first two cantos were published anonymously in May 1712 and the complete poem with five cantos was republished in March 1714 that mentioned Alexander Pope as the writer. It is a long mock-heroic narrative poem with 794 lines in total. The first canto consists of 148 lines. The whole poem is written in heroic couplets mostly arranged in iambic pentameter. Alexander Pope’s The Rape of The Lock, and Samuel Butler’s Hudibras are considered the finest examples of high burlesques, or mockery.

The term ‘Lock’ in the title represents one of the hair locks of Belinda which are so lucrative that they can bring the destruction of Mankind, that is, the male folk. The term ‘rape’ in the title doesn’t mean sexual rape, but it holds the older meaning of the word derived from the Latin word rapere which means to rob, to grab, to carry off, or to snatch. However, it is a mock-heroic satirical poem that involves exaggeration. Alexander Pope exaggerates the act of cutting off a lock of hair of Belinda in Canto II and equates it with a man taking advantage of a woman’s innocence and hence, adds up a theme of sexual violation.

The main plot of the poem was based on a real incident involving Arabella Fermor and her suitor Lord Robert Petre who both belonged to two Aristocratic recusant families. A minor dispute over a mischievous act by Robert Petre became a huge issue that led to the dissolution of his engagement with Arabella. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the whole Catholic community of England was facing difficulties under the laws like the Test Act. During such a period, this minor incident became the reason for a huge dispute between two of the major English Catholic families. John Caryll who was the second Jacobite Baron of Durford witnessed the incident between Arabella Fermor and Lord Petre. He commissioned Pope to turn the incident into a jest in the hope that it would encourage reconciliation between the two families. Pope mixed the heroic world with the social to depict the anomalies, juxtapositions, ironies, and hypocrisy of the current society. Pope tears off the sophisticated mask of the 18th-century people denuding their ugly faces by presenting serious topics through giggles and thus, made the audience of his time laughing at their own follies.

Characters of The Rape of The Lock Canto 1

Belinda is the heroine of The Rape of The Lock. She is a young, beautiful, foppish girl belonging to a rich family. Pope based this character on Arabella Fermor, the daughter of an aristocratic Catholic family. She was engaged to her beau Robert Petre who snipped a lock of her hair without permission, thereby causing a rift between their two families that resulted in the dissolution of engagement of Arabella with Robert. Pope depicts this incident in the poem. The Baron is based on Robert Petre. He is an admirer of Belinda who desires her. He cuts off a lock of her hair in a mischievous act that fills Belinda with rage and anger. Caryll is a member of the party, he is mentioned only once, and he is the dedicatee of the poem. “Caryll” is John Caryll, a friend of Pope’s who commissioned Pope to turn the incident into a jest. Clarissa is a woman attendant at the Hampton court party where the incident took place. She helped the Baron in cutting off the hair lock by lending her sewing scissors to the Baron. Later on, she tries to calm Belinda down and sermonizes on the ephemeral nature of beauty and the importance of good sense once a woman’s looks have faded. Ariel is Belinda’s guardian Sylph. His task is to protect the coquettish virgin girls with the aid of an army of Sylphs. The character of Ariel is based on Shakespeare’s The Tempest. Brillante is a sylph assigned to guard Belinda’s earrings, sylph Momentilla guards her watch, while Crispissa guards her favorite hair locks. Umbriel is a mischievous Gnome who instigates Belinda and intensifies her despair at the loss of her hair. Thalestris is a friend of Belinda who convinces Belinda to take revenge on the Baron for his action against her honor. Pope took her name from an Amazonian Queen of Greek mythology. Sir Plume is Thaletris’ beau. Betty is a maid-servant of Belinda and Shock is her lapdog.

Summary of The Rape of The Lock First Canto:

Lines 1-31

Alexander Pope begins his mock epic with an outlining of the subject of the poem.

“What dire offenses from am’rous causes springs,

What mighty contest rise from trivial things,”

Pope suggests that love and war are correlated to each other because love gives birth to cruel contests that often turn into bloody wars. The lust and amorous feelings of men often lead to dire consequences. Then following the classical approach of Greek authors, he invokes his muse for the poem which is the goddess of art and poetry to bless this verse, but unlike the classical authors (and Milton in Paradise Lost) he doesn’t name his muse. Pope requests the goddess muse to help him gain the approval of both Caryl, and Belinda (John Caryl and Arabella Fermor) for this poem as he knows that despite the subject being trivial, his efforts have turned it into an epic that will bring praise and fame. He then brings forth the dispute and wonders what made a well-bred and educated lord (Robert Petre) offend his beloved through mischief and what made Belinda reject his love?

Pope then expertly describes a common day of a young female of an upper-middle-class family in England mockingly as if the female is a goddess or an important warrior.

He describes the beauty of Belinda and says that as Sol (the sun) rises, it drops the light rays into the room of Belinda through the white curtain in a nervous manner as if the sun is worried and doesn’t want to disturb the sleeping beauty. As Belinda opens up her eyes, they shine more than the sun itself. It is midday and Belinda, her lapdogs also wake up. Pope calls her sleepless lover who woke up exactly at 12 noon. She pushes her handbell thrice to call the servants but none appear and hence, she falls back to the pillow and sleeps again. She then has a dream in which a handsome young man appears in the most fashionable dress. Belinda finds him more attractive than a suitor and blushes as he reaches near. The young man whispers in her ear that a beautiful girl like Belinda must be protected against the airy elves. The young man is the guardian Sylph of Belinda who asks her if she has heard of the fairies and angels who live in the air and appear in dark places on a full-moon night.

Lines 32-64

The handsome man of Belinda’s dream further mentions the fairies that keep silver pennies in the shoes of young beautiful girls at night or those who dance on the green grass. The young man, who is the guardian Slyph of Belinda says that if she ever believed in such fairies and angels, which of course are true and real, visit virtuous damsels with golden crowns and garlands of flowers, then she must know her impressive worth and should protect her virtuous self. The Sylph advises Belinda not to bow down to earthly desires that can bring filth to her virtuous self. The young man then reveals some secrets that are known only to innocent children and are kept away from grown-up adult men. He says that the angels and fairies he is talking about were living beautiful women in the past who died in this world but their desires and vanities remained and became the reason for their ‘afterlife.’ He then classifies the angels into groups and says that when a proud beautiful woman dies, she dissolves into the five elements of the Earth. A violent and quarrelsome woman turns into a salamander as they represent fire. The emotional women with soft hearts become nymphs in their afterlife while the serious-minded women turn into gnomes and roam on earth to continue their mischievous acts.

Lines 65-105

The guardian Sylph of Belinda continues to describe the afterlife of beautiful women who die and says that when a light-hearted flirtatious girl dies, she turns into a sylph with a duty to protect the virtue of virgin flirtatious girls who have rejected all love affairs. He then defines the sylphs and their powers and says that a sylph is beyond the limits of human beings as they can take any shape and sex they prefer anytime. These sylphs protect the weak, coquettish girls from falling into the charms of seductive men at parties, country balls, and masked dances. They protect the girls from the seductive gazes of young lovers during their weak phase when they find themselves in such situations that tempt them for male companionship. The young man says that all intelligent people know that sylphs protect virgin beautiful girls while men safeguard themselves for their self-respect. He says that sylphs often face the challenge of gnomes who continue to play their mischievous acts on young girls who are proud of their beauty and vanity. Gnomes tempt such girls, pump their pride and vanity and make them believe that some young handsome lord will sacrifice all his wealth and self for their love and will address them with the utmost respect, calling them ‘Your Grace.’

The young man of Belinda’s dream then says that the sylphs not only protect virgin girls against seductive mischievous men, but they also help them in the most difficult puzzles of fashion the girls often face. Moreover, these sylphs continue to change their shape to offer entertainment to these coquettish young girls and don’t allow them to settle for any handsome man and lose their virginity to him. He says that a virgin girl will never lose her virginity if she continues to attain gazes from a better man every time she finds a good man interested in her. So if a girl falls for Florio’s charm, a sylph will take the shape of Damon to attract her towards himself. Thus, the continuous interchange of one option to the better one is the tricks of the sylphs to protect the young virgin coquettish girls who never stop flirting with the new attractive man.

Lines 106-148

The sylph then introduces himself in the 106^th line as Ariel who is the guardian of Belinda as he must protect her against any danger to her virtuous coquettish self. He says that since the sylphs are spirits of high air, he could see something untoward is coming in near future and thus, he came to inform and warn Belinda. He says that though he doesn’t know how and when something deeply wrong will happen in her life if she doesn’t remain alert. He requests her to keep her guard at all moments and remain away from men. Ariel is interrupted as Shock, the lapdog of Belinda licks up her chin and she wakes up. Ariel soon vanishes as Belinda notices a love letter sent by some of her lovers in which he praises her angelic beauty and confesses how he has been engrossed by her thoughts. Belinda soon forgets her dream and the warning by Ariel and moves to her toilet.

Her toilet is very extravagant and grandiose with silver pots and shining mirrors. It is so clean and spotless that deities roman in the toilet. She wears a beautiful white dress without a headdress and sees herself in the mirror with pride. She bends her body as her eyes are raised to see her image in the mirror. It appears as if she is worshipping the toilet deities like a high priestess. Her maidservant betty is standing behind her and she feels nervous like an inferior priestess who doesn’t want anything to go wrong as that will bring the wrath of the high priestess towards her. Belinda engages in the highly prestigious ritual of her make-up as betty opens up the various caskets containing cosmetic items collected from all over the world. One casket contains glorious gems and jewels from India while the other contains perfume from Arabia. There are some combs made of tortoise shells while some milky white combs are carved from ivory. One of the caskets contains shining pins, puffs, powders, patches, a bible, and love letters. Belinda adorns the shiny pins on her beautiful dress, uses puffs and powder on her skin, and glares at the love letters with interest. She is preparing herself for the party that she has to attend where there will be male folk. She is unaware but the sylphs are observing her, protecting her, and assisting her in getting ready for the unknown challenge that she has to face, about which, Ariel warned her. She is preparing herself like a warrior princess equipping herself with all sorts of weapons before raging to the battleground. As her toilet ritual completes, she appears more like a divine beauty. She shines and appears more attractive with much more captivating charms. The blushes on her cheeks show all the wonders of her face while her eyelashes flash as bright as the lightning in the sky. The army of sylphs guarding her are all assisting her as some set her hair, some others take care of the sleeves of her dress, while some sylphs are taking care of her petticoat and the plaits of her gown. Though the sylphs diligently contributed to her rituals, Betty takes all the credit away.

Analysis of Rape of The Lock Canto 1

Pope used mock-heroic elements throughout Canto 1 right from the beginning. He invokes the unnamed muse at the beginning and then expresses variating deities interfering in the lives of human beings as happens in Greek epics. He presents the central issue of the poem in an epic manner. Then he satirizes the daily routine of women of the 18^th century while mocking their passions in a mock-heroic pattern. He continues to offer satirical juxtaposition and shows how the people of those times gave more importance to foppery than religion. Imagery has been used to perfection. Belinda’s glamorous makes the sun tremble while ‘the sacred rites of pride’ offers an image of some religious ritual. Pope uses Hyperbole while describing the beauty of Belinda and he personifies many inanimate things. Anaphora has been used in the beginning lines while Alliteration has also been used in many instances. Pope mentions women’s whims as a toyshop which is a metaphor.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the History of English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost | Summary

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. Stopping by Woods on a Snow Evening is a poem that Robert Frost wrote in a single sitting in the year 1922 during a break when he was writing another long poem titled New Hampshire. Both these poems were published in his collection titled New Hampshire in 1923. Robert Frost gained international fame and won four Pulitzer prizes as a poet, yet, he retained the reputation of being a regional poet who prominently wrote about the nature and woods of New England. He is known as a nature poet for his beautiful depiction of nature in his poem through which he extracts valuable meaning and messages helpful for human life. Stopping by Woods is a similar poem in which, the narrator, who probably is a trader or transporter, is going on a business trip when he reaches a dense wood during his travel on his horse. As he stops for a brief moment amid a snowy evening in the woods, he gets mesmerized by the beautiful natural scenery. For a moment he wishes to leave everything aside and stay there in the marvelous nature forever. He’s torn between staying in the woods and heading home. But he realizes that responsibilities weigh more than the loveliness of the scene and decides to move forward. It appears like a swing that Frost described in Birches, a short reclusive moment to refresh and nurture one’s emotional and mental health, to proceed for fulfilling the worldly burden and responsibilities with new vigor. The double-mindedness of the narrator about staying in the woods or going forward to his village reminds us of The Road Not Taken as the narrator has to take a decision and proceed.

Structure of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

It is a short poem consisting of 16 lines ensembled in four quatrains. Robert Frost used the Rubaiyat stanza pattern popularized by Edward Fitzgerald who translated The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Each stanza is written in iambic tetrameter with a rhyming scheme confirming AABA, except the last stanza which follows DDDD. The overall rhyming scheme appears AABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD.

Frost used euphonic elements in each stanza. In the first stanza, each rhyming word ends with the sound of ‘oh’. In the second stanza the euphonic symmetry of queer, near, and year is apparent. The third stanza offers a euphonic resemblance of shake, mistake, and flake. The last stanza offers a euphonic similarity of deep, keep, and sleep. Imagery has been used perfectly. In the third stanza, Consonance has been used perfectly with the sound of ‘s’. The poem ends with a repetition of “and miles to go before I sleep.” Sleep is used as a metaphor suggesting absolute rest of satisfaction of fulfillment of responsibilities, promises, fulfillment of the day, tour, business trip, or the fulfillment of life. The poet here is actually trying to express that anyone in his or her life has to keep on moving as there is a pile of duties waiting to be fulfilled before sleep, or true rest, that can be death. The narrator suggests that there can be no true rest before the fulfillment of responsibilities.

Themes:

The major themes of the poem are exhaustion, fatigue, depression, optimism, commitment, and responsibilities. Robert Frost mentioned that he considered this poem as his “best bid for remembrance.” The narrator is exhausted and fatigued and he gets a moment of a recluse when he is completely alone. The moment is truly silent and tranquil, like a period of meditation. The narrator feels a sense of tranquility and isolation from all worldly burdens during that moment of a recluse. The horse of the narrator plays the part of the warning, reminding him that no matter how isolated he feels at this moment, life doesn’t stop. That solitary moment makes the narrator realize that it is not the true rest and that he has to cover miles before he could attain that satisfaction or fulfillment.

Summary of Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening

1^st Stanza

“Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village, though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.”

The title of the poem works as the beginning and then the first stanza continues. The narrator is traveling through the woods for some business trip or domestic errand. As the evening reaches, he stops nearby the dense woods which seem familiar to him. He has seen these woods in past from a distance. He knows the owner of the land who lives in a nearby village. As it is evening time and it is snowing, the narrator is confident that the owner is nowhere near, as he must be within his home in the village while his woods are all white, as snow accumulated on them. As the narrator realizes that he is alone, he cannot resist taking advantage of this solitary moment to feel the beauty of these woods on a land that is not his own.

Stanza 2

“My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.”

The narrator mentions his horse as ‘little.’ This shows that the narrator is of humble background. Maybe the horse is literally little, that is, a pony. The narrator is an ordinary citizen who cannot afford a fancy horse. The horse is very dear to the narrator and he is very considerate about his carriage as he notices his horse and interprets what the horse might be thinking. The narrator says that his dear horse is perplexed as the narrator has stopped by the woods near a frozen lake. It is certainly not a destination or stopping point as there is no farmhouse or shelter nearby. The weather is intense as the lake has frozen. The horse would rather prefer running until he reaches a warmer place. It is the darkest evening of the year. This may suggest that it was a tough day for the narrator and he is depressed and fatigued due to the long journey and harsh weather. The darkness is growing as the night is approaching and this further perplexes the horse as it would prefer to reach a safer place. But the stubborn narrator seems to adore the immediate present as opposed to imminent danger. The narrator is mesmerized by the beauty of the moment and he is finding it difficult to choose and make up his mind, either to stay in the woods and let the darkness engulf him or proceed towards his village or destination that is still afar.

3^rd Stanza

“He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sounds the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.”

The narrator uses ‘He’ for his horse, which further shows his considerate nature and love towards the animal. The animal is also considerate towards the narrator as he is worried about the narrator and wondering why the narrator has stopped at this odd place. The narrator suggests that the horse can understand or read his mind and to express his disagreement, the horse shakes his head and neck. This shakes the harness bells of the horse and they ring. The playful sound of harness bells indicates the horse’s will to move forward and not stop in this gloomy and solitary woods as the imminent danger of dark night is approaching. Though it appears the best of natural scenery, the wind is flowing at ease while the snowflakes are coming down heavily, which suggests that there is no chance of improvement in the weather and it will keep snowing. The solitude is intense as the poet can hear only three sounds, the wind, the ringing harness bells, and the falling snowflakes.

Stanza 4

“The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.”

In this stanza, the narrator describes the woods as lovely, dark and deep. The narrator states that it is the most serene and peaceful position and moment that he could have, the peace cannot last for long. The narrator is mesmerized by the beauty of the moment which makes him forget all the burdens and troubles he had faced throughout the day or in past. But his burdens, toughness, and responsibilities of life are still there that he has to face. These beautiful woods are wonderful distractions, and anything that can keep one’s mind off the troubles is a welcome addition to any day. But real life and responsibilities haven’t vanished, they still exist.

The woods are dark and deep. Which suggests the imminent danger of the dark night approaching. The narrator’s horse already warned him about it. The woods that appear so beautiful, and lovely at the moment, can prove to be merciless and dangerous as the dark night approaches. The poet uses ‘But’ to express his intense desire to stay put by the woods and cherish the scenery of the moment, yet, he has to overcome this desire and stop his meditation on nature as he has myriads of promises and responsibilities to fulfill. These promises and responsibilities could be of any type ranging from marital responsibilities to business accountabilities. The promises could be the goals that he chose for himself.

The poet further contemplates the beauty of the woods and the imminent danger and suggests that these woods can be the endpoint of the journey of his life as the imminent danger of dark night is gradually engulfing the woods. This danger fills the narrator with an urgency to move forward toward his destination as he still has many responsibilities to fulfill. He is standing in no man’s land, miles away from reaching a friendly zone. This sense of responsibility fills the narrator with optimism and he makes up his mind to move forward.

The narrator admits that the dark will ultimately engulf him too, but it is not the right place, despite all the natural beauty and serenity, it is not the right time. He still has to struggle and avoid the darkness (or death) and further his journey to fulfill his promises, desires, and goals.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of American English Literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.

The Dark Room by R. K. Narayan | Characters, Summary, Analysis

Hello and welcome to the Discourse. The Dark Room was the third novel by R. K. Narayan that was published in the year 1938. The novel is set in the fictitious, yet famous town of Malgudi. Unlike his other works, this novel is a tragedy in which he explores gender inequality in traditional Indian society through the lens of domestic violence.

Characters of The Dark Room

Savitri is the main character of the novel. She is the middle-aged wife of Ramani, an insurance agent who works for Engladia Insurance Company. Savitri is a subservient, obedient wife who continues to strive hard to please her husband but always fails. Ramani is a cruel abusive husband who always remains irritable. Because of his inhuman attitude and bad temper, the atmosphere at home always remains tense and Savitri and her kids, two daughters Kamala and Sumati, and a son Babu live in a state of terror. Shanta Bai is another female character who is just the opposite of Savitri. She deserted her husband to live alone on her own. She joins Engladia Insurance company as a probationer of Ramani. Shanta Bai is an attractive, rebellious, and intimidating woman. She ensnares Ramani n her charms. Gangu is the neighboring talkative wife of one of a teacher. Mari is a blacksmith and a burglar who while swimming in the Sarayu river, finds a woman drowning and saves her. His wife Pooni, suggests the woman who attempted to commit suicide in the waters of Sarayu come with her to her village where she may start her life afresh while living in the village temple as a temple nun.

Summary of The Dark Room

It has been fifteen years since Savitri’s marriage to Ramani. She still remembers the warmth of her husband’s love that she experienced during the first week of their marriage. But since then, he has never shown any dear emotion towards her. He keeps criticizing and abusing her as he can only see flaws and errors in his wife’s service to him. He remains so irritable at home that the children wish their father to remain away from home for some work. Ramani works at Engladia Insurance Company. He never loved his wife but she is a voluptuous beautiful woman. He enjoyed cruelly using her for his sexual satisfaction but with age, her sexual charm is also going weak. Still, she is a good toy for his sadistic pleasure. He beats his wife, criticizes her, ignores her, sneers at her, and never lets her make a single decision on her own. Savitri is a submissive wife with a sensitive temperament. But she is an excellent devoted wife and a better mother. Thus, she keeps bearing all the abuses while never raising her voice or her hands against her husband. Her daughters are growing and she tries her best to shelter her two daughters and maintain their innocence. Ramani is still a bit flexible with Babu, Savitri’s son, but he is too strict with Savitri, Kamala, and Sumati, so much so that he decides what they will eat, when, and how much. The girls are not allowed to go outside the home and Savitri or her daughters cannot invite anyone into their home without Ramani’s permission. While bearing all his atrocities, Savitri has secured a little room in a corner of their home where she goes alone at times to shed her tears. It is a dark room. Just like her favorite room, she also has a favorite bench made of fine teak wood that she loves more than any other possession.

Savitri has devoted her complete self to her husband and her kids. Yet, she still has her own desires. She yearns for Ramani's love, never even gets a smile from him, and neither do his love-starved daughters. Ramani always treated Savitri like this but before the birth of Babu, he still used Savitri for his sexual pleasure. Years have passed since he touched her the last time. Savitri blames herself for this ignorance from her husband and feels she lost all her charms.

Despite all this, Savitri still feels she has a stable married life but one day, Gangu, the talkative wife of the school teacher visits Savitri’s home. While talking to her, she tells her about the rumors of Ramani having an affair with Shanta bai, the new probator who recently joined Engladia Insurance Company under Ramani’s wing of agents. Shanta Bai is a beautiful, middle-aged woman who has left her husband. She is an ambitious lady with loose morals and loves to flirt with men and make them fall for her beauty. To ensure her job, she decides to ensnare Ramani in her charms. Ramani falls for Shanta bai and develops an illicit relationship with her.

When Savitri comes to know about this, she feels utterly downtrodden, yet, she is so low-esteemed that she blames herself for her husband’s immoral behavior. She doesn’t wish her daughters and son to know about this. Savitri convinces herself to bear even this insult quietly, even though it eats away at her. She is too terrified of Ramani's rages to do anything. Hence, she goes to her dark room and wallows in self-pity and questions her own beauty and inability to give more children to Ramani.

Ramani starts spending most of his time with Shanta bai and spends nights at her home, leaving Savitri and the kids alone. Unlike Savitri, who never demanded anything from Ramani, Shanta bai is a high-headed demanding woman and Ramani soon finds himself trying his best to get her whatever she demands. To please her, he starts shifting the beautiful things from his home to her place and one day, he takes away the favorite bench of Savitri Savitri feels rebellious and decides to win her husband back. She wears her best saree and when Ramani returns home, she tries to seduce her, expressing herself in the most seductive way that she could. But Ramani ridicules her and goes back to Shanta bai’s place. This breaks Savitri totally.

Ramani returns home that night and tries to sexually exploit Savitri for the seductive manner she showed. This angers Savitri and she loses her calm when Ramani tries to touch her. All her deep-seated and repressed anger and anguish come out in the form of a meltdown. She dares to express her anguish for the first time during those 15 years of her marriage and shouts, “Don’t touch me!….you are dirty, you are impure.” Her anger breaks all the dams of her patience and she throws away her Mangalsutra, the wedding chain from her neck. She shouts, “I don’t possess anything in the world. What possession can a woman call her own except her body? Everything else that she has is her father’s, her husband’s, or her son’s.” She leaves home to commit suicide by throwing herself in the current of river Sarayu. Mari, the blacksmith, who while crossing the river on his way to his village, sees her body floating on the river and at once rescues her, and saves her life. Mari’s wife Ponni on knowing her plight persuades her to come to their village. There Savitri embarks upon an independent living of her own by working in the temple as a celibate Devadasi.

Life is not easy for her even at the temple. There are many priests in the temple who live a life of celibacy. With the arrival of a beautiful voluptuous woman, they find it difficult to concentrate and many of them fall prey to her natural charms. The head priest of the temple notices all this. He starts mistreating her, openly expressing that he wishes her to go away. As she cannot bear the querulous priest of the temple and as her own homesickness and tormenting anxiety for her daughters nag her, she becomes restless. She realizes the futility of her attempt to escape from her bonds with the temporal world and returns to her husband’s hateful home to sulk in the dark room without much effect on Ramani. Ramani is spitefully triumphant that his rebellious wife has, at last, learned her place. Savitri is content with the fact that she still chose to stand with her daughters to save them against any inadvertent harm. Narayan closes his novel with this cynical conclusion.

So this is it for today. We will continue to discuss the history of Indian English literature. Please stay connected with the Discourse. Thanks and Regards.